{"id":12453,"date":"2016-01-24T09:02:54","date_gmt":"2016-01-24T14:02:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/?p=12453"},"modified":"2016-11-16T00:38:35","modified_gmt":"2016-11-16T05:38:35","slug":"values-that-underlie-the-landscape-of-cities-those-that-do-and-those-that-should","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/2016\/01\/24\/values-that-underlie-the-landscape-of-cities-those-that-do-and-those-that-should\/","title":{"rendered":"Values that Underlie the Landscape of Cities\u2014Those that DO and those that SHOULD"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Para leer la versi\u00f3n en espa\u00f1ol, haga clic\u00a0<a href=\"#Spanish\">aqu\u00ed.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Coexistence between nature and urban is not a matter of experts but a matter directly related to the &#8220;civic values.&#8221; \u2014<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com.co\/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&amp;ion=1&amp;espv=2&amp;ie=UTF-8%22%20%5Cl%20%22q=juan+luis+de+las+rivas+hacia+la+ciudad\" target=\"_blank\">De las Rivas<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>What is the shape and formal composition given by designers or people in general to nature in our cities? Is it beneficial for the landscape\u2019s character or the identity of our urban environments?\u00a0The many benefits of living nature for the welfare of citizens are well known. Benefits such as cleaning the air, mitigating extreme climate conditions, and providing shade, shelter and habitat for avifauna and microfauna are rightly highlighted at the outset of any conversation about the nature of cities.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote>It is time now to direct our eyes and efforts not just toward introducing, but also toward rediscovering nature in the city.<\/blockquote><\/figure>\n<p>Without ignoring those fundamental aspects that support human life, we must also reflect on the intermingling of the <i>appearance of <\/i>and<i> values<\/i> <i>embedded in<\/i> the conformation or production of the urban landscape\u2019s character: that is, the intangible benefits related to the messages citizens receive from the formal expressions of the whole environment and, particularly, of its natural components.<\/p>\n<p>Landscape has been recognized, on one side, as a sort of palimpsest, built layer-by-layer through time. The question is whether those layers actually interweave or simply overlap and hide the previous ones, while, in the process, changing the local urban landscape\u2019s character until there are no remnants of the original. Perhaps the increasing speed that, at present, characterizes the rise of each landscape attribute that can be considered a \u201clayer\u201d in this continuous evolving spiral is one of the causes that refuses proper and definitive fusion.<\/p>\n<p>Original identity fades, changing faster than in typical ecological succession.<\/p>\n<p>For example, as can be seen in the image below. The urban development of Bogot\u00e1 has erased the original natural character of the plateau on which the city was established. Spread over an area of 1.587 square kilometers, the city is the 25th largest in the world. At 2,600 meters above sea level, the settlement began at the foot of the hills and devoured the immense wetland that existed there up to the sixteen century, when it became known to and was interfered with by the western world. Very little of the lentic water richness has been left intact. In this way, nature has been denied. The aqueous character and the thin and vertical shape of the vegetation that usually accompanies swamps, together with their related avifauna, have disappeared almost completely. Hence, the image could be of any city, anywhere. The settlement lost its native landscape identity, the root of its character.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12454\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12454\" style=\"width: 350px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12454\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-1.-Bogot\u00e1-e1452923917496-432x560.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Bogot\u00e1\" width=\"350\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-1.-Bogot\u00e1-e1452923917496-432x560.png 432w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-1.-Bogot\u00e1-e1452923917496-768x995.png 768w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-1.-Bogot\u00e1-e1452923917496-77x100.png 77w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-1.-Bogot\u00e1-e1452923917496.png 834w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12454\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">No nature. Bogot\u00e1, Colombia, seen from the southwest. The city was developed on an ancient wetland, whose traces have almost completely disappeared. Photo: Gloria Aponte<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>On a different time scale, but as a tangible example, I can testify that more than twenty years ago, some decision makers, while traveling through the United States, fell in love with a particular tree species. &#8220;<i>I will fashion that tree<\/i>. <i>You will remember me,&#8221;\u00a0<\/i>said one of them.<\/p>\n<p>And actually, he got what he wanted: among many other roads, nearly seven kilometers of the Avenida 80 were planted with that species. This whim has influenced the experience, although unconsciously, of millions of people by making them think that autumn \u201cseasonal\u201d colors and sharp, palmate-shaped leaves are proper features for a place quite close to the equator. This new plant created a novel ecosystem that continues to deny opportunities and space for other autochthonous plant material more suited by shape, color, texture and habit to the original ecosystem and climatic zone. The vegetal associations of the mountains that gave a background to the town area forever changed.<\/p>\n<p>Although trees or vegetation in general are the most obvious examples of nature in urban environments, nature is much more than that. The main structural natural feature that grants landscape character to a place is its topography. Topography is a broad determinant of space that, as the basic configurator or frame, defines the main view sheds and visual landscape impressions<\/p>\n<p>Most Colombian cities are located on the Andes chain of mountains, where the structural natural relief is huge, even overwhelming. It cannot be avoided, although its flattening could be highly desired by planners and real estate developers to facilitate new occupations for the land or to make the land easier to use\u2026or so proceeds the argument to convince potential clients. Planners and architects still do not manage to deal with the topographical conditions in an efficient manner, nor do they effectively deal with how to work with other professionals that could understand existing volumes and use their forms alongside the proposed ones.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12455\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12455\" style=\"width: 350px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12455\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-2.-Medell\u00edn-418x560.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 2. Medell\u00edn\" width=\"350\" height=\"469\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12455\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Very little nature within the urban perimeter. Medell\u00edn, Colombia, seen from the northwest. The city climbs un the hill, leaving only the difficult relief unoccupied. Photo: Gloria Aponte<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><b>Respect the city`s underlying, transverse and surrounding nature<\/b><\/p>\n<p>The City is a manmade product, and should produce a meaningful framework related to our living feelings, as part of the good quality of life that it is supposed to grant for its inhabitants. One of the deepest layers of our local culture is the belief of <i>belonging<\/i> to nature\u2014our ancestors would never have said \u201cthe nature around us,\u201d as it is commonly heard nowadays. They and the small groups of indigenous people still alive in the national territory refer to \u201cthe nature of which we are part.\u201d They recognize that humanness is not just our connection to nature, but the conviction that <i>we are<\/i> part of nature, humans <i>are<\/i> nature, although many of our compatriots are determined to feel separated. The recent tools for planning cities reflect how, every day, our society has moved further from that traditional belief.<\/p>\n<p>During the civic-academic revision of the recent <a href=\"http:\/\/www.acimedellin.org\/Portals\/0\/RevistaPOT2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Territory Ordering Plan for Medell\u00edn<\/a>, I dared to propose that the first philosophical principle should be <i>respect for the city&#8217;s underlying, transverse and surrounding nature. <\/i>As simple as that. But this contribution, among other proposals in the same direction, was considered anecdotal and was left aside, even though its implications were not directly against development, competitiveness or innovation, which are the focus of the municipal or metropolitan development proposals for the near future.<\/p>\n<p>In recent years, there has been a great concern for the so-called \u201curban-rural border,\u201d particularly in this city. That strip of land is meant to stop urban growth beyond it, and markedly locates nature \u201cout\u201d (far from the city), and urban development \u201cin,\u201d though the city may be dotted with some manipulated vegetation that calms consciences and occasionally fulfills utilitarian needs.<\/p>\n<p><b>Water flows across boundaries<\/b><\/p>\n<p>One of the natural components that suffers in crossing the urban-rural border is running water. When natural water streams approach the urban area, they are usually intervened with and channelized; in this way, the water flow is forced up to unusual running speed, causing flooding, which is as harmful as the loss of dynamic. It means that, at first, streams lose their natural appearance to be dressed with rigid urban geometry, and later are completely buried in such a way that the urban environment loses the water\u2019s natural manifestation, which would bring harmonious sounds, visual joy, dynamic and rhythm lessons. Citizens use the resource, but it comes separately from the symbiotic natural appearance, from the sensible, significant and symbolic message that water brings to human beings, who are deeply attached to it.<\/p>\n<p>The puzzle of confronting urban and rural is not so simple. The answer is not a boundary between the two. From the landscape point of view, the border has to be conciliatory, joining and inclusive, without sharp edges. Articulation instead of limit, ecotone instead of frontier, are proposed from this perspective. Clearly, streams can be the threads used in such a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/landscape-planning\/landscape-planning-in-borders\" target=\"_blank\">sewing together<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile, the \u201coutside\u201d part, currently called \u201crural,\u201d is being colonized by different land uses\u2014clearly of urban style, if not of urban political definition\u2014such as condominiums, where the attitude of manipulating nature is fully embraced. In this way, like urban land, the land classified as rural also suffers from the replacement of \u201cnatural\u201d nature by manipulated nature. The land is nominally \u201crural,\u201d but its spirit is urban.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12456\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12456\" style=\"width: 350px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12456\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-3.-Rionegro-575x560.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 3. Rionegro\" width=\"350\" height=\"341\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12456\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geometricized nature to fulfill property demarcation purposes, on suburban land, near the Rionegro Airport. Photo: Gloria Aponte<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Manipulated nature transmits a static feeling that has nothing to do with living nature.<\/p>\n<p>The composition of its disposition, its characteristics, and its formal qualities have to be developed in such a way as to establish a dialogue with people, to give a message of welcoming, identification with places and orientation through them, all within the scale of city functionality.<\/p>\n<p>Attending to the human scale is one of the keys to reestablishing the silenced dialogue between people and the other components of nature.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12457\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12457\" style=\"width: 604px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12457 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-4.-En-Medell\u00edn-e1452924743300-750x560.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 4. En Medell\u00edn\" width=\"604\" height=\"451\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12457\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Exuberant vegetation, conditioning spaces to welcome to citizens. Outside Explora Park in Medell\u00edn. Photo: Gloria Aponte<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Manipulation implies power, and human beings enjoy power. The joy of achieving our desires and seeing them materialized may be stronger than the feeling of belonging to nature and the attachment to local habitat. Manipulation just for the sake of self-satisfaction, fashion or to obtain cheaper materials is an irresponsible manner of civic or professional participation in city development. The image below shows how, unfortunately, this kind of manipulation is rapidly invading and proliferating in the residential areas of Medell\u00edn.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12458\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12458\" style=\"width: 549px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12458 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-5.-En-laureles.png\" alt=\"Figure 5. En laureles\" width=\"549\" height=\"343\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-5.-En-laureles.png 549w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-5.-En-laureles-100x62.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 549px) 100vw, 549px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12458\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Manipulated nature. Loss of ecosystemic functions and emotional local significance. Laureles neighborhood. Photo: Gloria Aponte<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Medell\u00edn, Colombia&#8217;s second largest city, is at present quite well recognized internationally for many reasons. It has earned several acknowledgments, mainly based on its social resilience, demonstrated through the process of rebuilding social coexistence, improving security, promoting innovation and entrepreneurship, and many good quality urban projects developed under the flag of \u201csocial urbanism.\u201d In a recent visit, Boaventura de Soussa Santos, during the VII CLACSO Conference, applauded the great transformations of this city but recommended that we leave aside the sense of triumph, and remember that it is not just with technology that problems can be solved. He drove his discourse towards social matters, but his comments can also be applied to nature.<\/p>\n<p>While recognizing the efforts of the municipality towards so-called \u201curban <i>silviculture,<\/i>\u201d a term that implies more forestry techniques than concepts and principles related to nature coexisting with city elements and intangible benefits in the urbanized scope, it is time now to direct our eyes and efforts not just toward introducing, but also toward rediscovering nature in the city. There is a need to work on an approach that starts from the significant value that nature holds and communicates this value to citizens through a message that leverages their emotions of identity and rootedness.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12459\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12459\" style=\"width: 604px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12459 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-6.-Medell\u00edn-747x560.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 6. Medell\u00edn\" width=\"604\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-6.-Medell\u00edn-747x560.jpg 747w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-6.-Medell\u00edn-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-6.-Medell\u00edn-100x75.jpg 100w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-6.-Medell\u00edn-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-6.-Medell\u00edn.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12459\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nature to be rediscovered through the densely developed city. Photo: Gloria Aponte<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>As Paul Downton says in one of his inspiring <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/2013\/03\/31\/straw-polls-dodos-and-the-value-of-landscape\/\" target=\"_blank\">TNOC contributions<\/a>: <i>The premises on which we build our cities and construct civilization, and the extent and means by which we include nature in our cities depends on <\/i><b><i>what values we choose to adopt<\/i><\/b><i>.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>To recover vanishing values and respect for nature, especially vegetation, is not just a landscape architect\u2019s whim or &#8220;style,&#8221; but a responsible contribution for surviving and urban life quality.<\/p>\n<p>In this way, the proposal is to materialize values such as:<\/p>\n<p><b>Feel part of nature<\/b>. To understand that\u00a0<i>we are from the forest, from the earth, from the air itself<\/i>, as the indigenous group <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heeyaiagodobakari.info\" target=\"_blank\">Jaguares del Yurupar\u00ed<\/a> (from the Vaup\u00e9s Colombia) reminds us. Their knowledge of and consequent behavior in taking care of health are closely related to nature equilibrium and were recognized by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2011.<\/p>\n<p><b>Respect nature.<\/b> To recognize and understand the manifestations of the pre-existent nature, and interact with them instead of indiscriminately dominating them, has to be a mandatory guideline to start any new urban development on any scale in a particular allotment.<\/p>\n<p><b>Be inspired by nature.<\/b> Observation of nature has inspired many human inventions; those lessons are still there and for free in each local environment. Nature gives us lessons in resilience, rhythm, harmonious diversity and sound composition. We do not pretend to want to recover a state of purity or wildness, as it was centuries ago, but nonetheless landscapes to resemble the natural image that accompanied them in the past; to let that part of those layers permeate the strong new ones, and be incorporated into today\u2019s urban life.<\/p>\n<p><b>Be autochthonous.<\/b> Use native vegetal material as much as possible. It is sound in the present climatic crisis, helping to moderate living conditions as well as to remember the original shape, image and formal composition required to preserve the character of our traditional landscape.<\/p>\n<p>Concepts such as <b>biophilia<\/b> (the innately emotional affiliation of human beings to other living organisms, as elucidated by E.O. Wilson), <b>biomimicry<\/b> (approaches to innovation that seek sustainable solutions to human challenges by emulating nature\u2019s time-tested patterns and strategies. Biomimicry Institute 2015), and <b>topophilia<\/b> (the love of or emotional connections with place or physical environment,) can be inspirational, helping us to avoid falling into another kind of formalism. But we must understand the close relationship between function and natural form, enacting the message implied in the very presence of our own locally-rooted shapes, features and traces. <i>We are as gods and have to get it right<\/i>, says Stewart Brand in his call for responsibility in using the power of participation in co-building places where to live.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The urban will understand the natural, recomposing its reading of landscape. \u2014<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com.co\/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&amp;ion=1&amp;espv=2&amp;ie=UTF-8%22%20%5Cl%20%22q=juan+luis+de+las+rivas+hacia+la+ciudad\" target=\"_blank\">De las Rivas.<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>Gloria Aponte<\/strong><br \/>\nMedell\u00edn<\/p>\n<p>On <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\" target=\"_blank\">The Nature of Cities<\/a><br \/>\n<a name=\"Spanish\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Valores que subyacen al paisaje de las ciudades \u2013 los que SON y los que DEBER\u00cdAN ser<\/strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/h2>\n<blockquote><p>La coexistencia ente la naturaleza y lo urbano, no es un asunto de expertos sino ununa cuesti\u00f3n directamente relacionada con \u201cvalores civiles\u201d \u2014<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com.co\/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&amp;ion=1&amp;espv=2&amp;ie=UTF-8#q=juan+luis+de+las+rivas+hacia+la+ciudad\">De las Rivas<\/a>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Cu\u00e1l es la apariencia y composici\u00f3n formal que los dise\u00f1adores y la gente en general le da a la naturaleza en nuestras ciudades? Conviene esta al car\u00e1cter e identidad de nuestros ambientes urbanos?<\/p>\n<p>Los beneficios de la naturaleza viva para el bienestar de los ciudadanos son bien conocidos. Beneficios tales como aire limpio; mitigaci\u00f3n de condiciones clim\u00e1ticas extremas; provisi\u00f3n de sombra, abrigo y h\u00e1bitat para avifauna y microfauna son resaltadas con toda la raz\u00f3n, para iniciar cualquier conversaci\u00f3n acerca de la naturaleza en las ciudades.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote>Ahora es el momento de dirigir nuestros ojos y los esfuerzos no s\u00f3lo hacia la introducci\u00f3n, sino tambi\u00e9n hacia el redescubrimiento de la naturaleza en la ciudad.<\/blockquote><\/figure>Sin pretender ignorar estos aspectos fundamentales que soportan la vida humana, es necesario reflexionar tambi\u00e9n sobre la entremezcla de la apariencia f\u00edsica de conjunto y los valores inmersos en la conformaci\u00f3n o producci\u00f3n del car\u00e1cter del paisaje urbano. Es decir, reflexionar sobre los beneficios intangibles que puede haber en los mensajes que los ciudadanos reciben de la expresi\u00f3n formal del ambiente total y, particularmente, de la de sus componentes naturales.<\/p>\n<p>El paisaje ha sido reconocido como un palimpsesto, construido capa por capa a trav\u00e9s del tiempo. La pregunta es si esas capas realmente se entretejen o simplemente se superponen y esconden a las anteriores, cambiando en el proceso el paisaje urbano local, hasta desaparecer totalmente los remanentes del car\u00e1cter original. Quiz\u00e1 la creciente velocidad que actualmente caracteriza la aparici\u00f3n de cada nuevo atributo del paisaje, que puede ser considerado &#8220;capa&#8221; en esta contin\u00faa espiral evolutiva, es una de las causas que impide una fusi\u00f3n apropiada y definitiva.<\/p>\n<p>La identidad original se desvanece, frente a cambios mucho m\u00e1s veloces que los de una sucesi\u00f3n ecol\u00f3gica natural.<\/p>\n<p>Por ejemplo, como se observa en la Figura 1, el desarrollo urbano de Bogot\u00e1, ha borrado el car\u00e1cter natural originario del altiplano en el que la ciudad se estableci\u00f3 y contin\u00faa creciente. Extendida sobre un \u00e1rea de 1.587 kil\u00f3metros cuadrados, la ciudad ocupa el lugar No. 25 entre las m\u00e1s grandes del mundo. A una altura de 2.600 msnm el asentamiento empez\u00f3 al pi\u00e9 de la monta\u00f1a y devor\u00f3 el inmenso humedal que exist\u00eda all\u00ed hasta el siglo XVI, cuando se conoci\u00f3 e inici\u00f3 la creciente intervenci\u00f3n por parte de la civilizaci\u00f3n occidental. Muy poco de la riqueza del sistema l\u00e9ntico ha quedado intacto. As\u00ed, la naturaleza ha sido negada en el lugar. El car\u00e1cter acuoso y las siluetas verticales y finas de la vegetaci\u00f3n que usualmente acompa\u00f1a a los pantanos, junto con su avifauna relacionada, han desaparecido casi completamente. As\u00ed, la imagen de la ciudad de hoy podr\u00eda ser la de cualquier ciudad, en cualquier parte del mundo. El asentamiento perdi\u00f3 la identidad de su paisaje nativo, la ra\u00edz de su car\u00e1cter.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12454\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12454\" style=\"width: 350px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12454\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-1.-Bogot\u00e1-e1452923917496-432x560.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Bogot\u00e1\" width=\"350\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-1.-Bogot\u00e1-e1452923917496-432x560.png 432w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-1.-Bogot\u00e1-e1452923917496-768x995.png 768w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-1.-Bogot\u00e1-e1452923917496-77x100.png 77w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-1.-Bogot\u00e1-e1452923917496.png 834w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12454\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 1. Bogot\u00e1. No naturaleza. Bogot\u00e1, Colombia, visto desde el suroeste. La ciudad se desarroll\u00f3 sobre un antiguo humedal, cuyas huellas han desaparecido casi por completo. Foto: Gloria Aponte<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>En una escala de tiempo diferente, pero como un ejemplo tangible, puedo testificar que m\u00e1s de 20 a\u00f1os atr\u00e1s, algunos tomadores de decisiones, en un viaje por los Estados Unidos, se enamoraron de una especie arb\u00f3rea particular: <em>pondr\u00e9 de moda ese \u00e1rbol, se acordar\u00e1n de m\u00ed,<\/em> dijo uno de ellos. Y realmente, logr\u00f3 lo que quer\u00eda: entre muchas otras v\u00edas urbanas de la ciudad, cerca de 7 kmts de la Avenida 80 fueron plantados con ese \u00e1rbol. Un capricho que ha influenciado la experiencia, as\u00ed sea inconsciente, de millones de personas, haci\u00e9ndoles creer que los colores del oto\u00f1o y las hojas agudamente palmeadas, son rasgos propios de un lugar tan cercano al Ecuador como Bogot\u00e1. Esta nueva planta fomenta un nuevo ecosistema que contin\u00faa negando oportunidades y espacio a material vegetal aut\u00f3ctono, m\u00e1s apropiado en color, forma, textura y h\u00e1bitat al ecosistema original, a la zona clim\u00e1tica local. Las asociaciones vegetales de monta\u00f1a que ofrec\u00edan un tel\u00f3n de fondo al \u00e1rea urbana cambiaron para siempre.<\/p>\n<p>Aunque los \u00e1rboles y la vegetaci\u00f3n en general son los ejemplos m\u00e1s obvios de la naturaleza en ambientes urbanos, el medio natural es mucho m\u00e1s que eso. El principal rasgo natural estructural que garantiza el car\u00e1cter del paisaje de un lugar es su relieve. Este es un fuerte determinante del espacio que, como configurador o marco b\u00e1sico, define las principales cuencas visuales y vistas paisaj\u00edsticas.<\/p>\n<p>La mayor\u00eda de las ciudades colombianas est\u00e1n localizadas en la cadena monta\u00f1osa de los Andes, donde el relieve natural es imponente y a veces sobre cogedor. No puede ser evitado, as\u00ed &#8220;aplanarlo&#8221; sea el mayor deseo de planificadores o promotores inmobiliarios, para facilitar la ocupaci\u00f3n del suelo, hacerlo accesible y usar estos argumentos para convencer potenciales clientes. Planificadores y arquitectos a\u00fan no logran arregl\u00e1rselas con las condiciones topogr\u00e1ficas de manera eficiente, o trabajar con otros profesionales que puedan establecer un di\u00e1logo equilibrado de los vol\u00famenes nuevos con los existentes.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12455\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12455\" style=\"width: 350px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12455\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-2.-Medell\u00edn-418x560.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 2. Medell\u00edn\" width=\"350\" height=\"469\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12455\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 2. Muy poco la naturaleza dentro del per\u00edmetro urbano. Medell\u00edn, Colombia, visto desde el noroeste. La ciudad sube por la colina de la ONU, dejando s\u00f3lo el alivio dif\u00edcil desocupada. Foto: Gloria Aponte<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Respetar la naturaleza subyacente, envolvente y transversal a la ciudad<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>La ciudad es producci\u00f3n humana, sin embargo tiene que producir un marco significativo para la vida, y como parte de la calidad de la misma, atender la percepci\u00f3n e interpretaci\u00f3n del h\u00e1bitat por parte de los habitantes. En una de las profundas capas de nuestra cultura local, est\u00e1 el convencimiento de pertenecer a la naturaleza. Nuestros ancestros nunca habr\u00e1n dicho: &#8221; la naturaleza a nuestro alrededor&#8221;, tal como se oye decir con frecuencia actualmente; ellos y los reducidos grupos de ind\u00edgenas sobrevivientes en el territorio nacional, se refieren a : &#8221; la naturaleza de la cual hacemos parte&#8221;. Ellos reconocen que ser humano, no significa s\u00f3lo tener un v\u00ednculo con la naturaleza, sino la convicci\u00f3n de ser parte de ella, los humanos SON naturaleza as\u00ed muchos de nuestros compatriotas se empe\u00f1en en sentirse aparte.Las herramientas recientes para la planificaci\u00f3n de las ciudades reflejan c\u00f3mo nuestra sociedad est\u00e1 cada vez m\u00e1s lejos de aquella creencia.<\/p>\n<p>Durante la revisi\u00f3n c\u00edvico-acad\u00e9mica del reciente Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial para Medell\u00edn, me atrev\u00ed a proponer que el primer principio filos\u00f3fico en el documento deber\u00eda ser: <em>respeto por la naturaleza subyacente transversal y envolvente a la ciudad.<\/em> Tan simple como eso. Pero esta contribuci\u00f3n junto con otras en la misma direcci\u00f3n, fue considerada anecd\u00f3tica y dejada de lado, aunque sus consecuencias no ir\u00edan en detrimento del urbanismo, la competitividad o la innovaci\u00f3n, focos de los prop\u00f3sitos del desarrollo municipal o metropolitano para el futuro cercano.<\/p>\n<p>En a\u00f1os recientes ha habido gran inter\u00e9s hacia el &#8220;borde urbano-rural&#8221; particularmente en Medell\u00edn. Se supone que esa franja de tierra detendr\u00e1 la ocupaci\u00f3n urbana, y claramente deja la naturaleza por fuera (lejos de la ciudad), y el desarrollo urbano adentro, aunque salpicado con algo de vegetaci\u00f3n manipulada para calmar conciencias y cumplir con necesidades utilitarias inmediatas.<\/p>\n<p><strong>El agua fluye a trav\u00e9s de las fronteras<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Uno de los componentes naturales que se ve m\u00e1s afectado al crux\u00a1zar la frontera del borde urbano-rural, son las corrientes de agua. Cuando las quebradas se acercan l \u00e1rea urbana, generalmente son canalizadas, de esta manera el agua corriente es forzada a velocidades inusuales causando inundaciones al final, lo cual es tan peligroso como la p\u00e9rdida total de la din\u00e1mica natural. Significa que las quebradas pierden su apariencia natural, vestidas al comienzo con una geometr\u00eda urbana r\u00edgida, para luego ser completamente escondidas al enterrarlas de tal manera que el ambiente urbano pierde las manifestaciones que le son propias al agua natural y que podr\u00edan aportar sonidos armoniosos, disfrute visual, y lecciones de din\u00e1mica y ritmo. Los ciudadanos usan el recurso, pero este llega separadamente de la simbi\u00f3tica apariencia natural, de lo sensible, y de los mensajes simb\u00f3licos y significantes que el agua trae a los seres humanos, quienes estamos profundamente atados a ella.<\/p>\n<p>El rompecabezas de confrontar, o mejor articular lo urbano con lo rural, no es tan simple.<\/p>\n<p>La respuesta no es una frontera entre los dos. Desde el punto de vista del paisaje, el borde tiene que ser conciliador, de uni\u00f3n, inclusivo, sin l\u00edmites r\u00edgicdos. Articulaci\u00f3n en lugar de l\u00edmite, ecotono en lugar de frontera, es lo que se propone desde esta perspectiva Claramente las quebradas pueden ser los hilos que logren esa costura. http:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/landscape-planning\/landscape-planning-in-borders<\/p>\n<p>En simult\u00e1nea, la parte de afuera, com\u00fanmente llamada \u201crural\u201d est\u00e1 siendo colonizada por diferentes usos de la tierra, de estilo claramente urbano, aunque no necesariamente por decisi\u00f3n pol\u00edtica, tales como condominios, donde la actitud de manipular la naturaleza es totalmente acogida. De esta manera, as\u00ed como la tierra urbana, la tierra rural sufre del reemplazo de la naturaleza \u201cnatural\u201d por una naturaleza manipulada. Esta tierra es nominalmente rural pero su esp\u00edritu es urbano.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12456\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12456\" style=\"width: 350px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12456\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-3.-Rionegro-575x560.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 3. Rionegro\" width=\"350\" height=\"341\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12456\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 3. Rionegro. Naturaleza geometrizadas para cumplir con los prop\u00f3sitos de delimitaci\u00f3n de propiedad, en un terreno suburbano, cerca del aeropuerto de Rionegro. Foto: Gloria Aponte<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>La naturaleza manipulada trasmite un sentimiento de estatismo que nada tiene que ver con la naturaleza viva.<\/p>\n<p>La composici\u00f3n o disposici\u00f3n, sus caracter\u00edsticas y sus calidades formales, deben ser desarrolladas de tal manera que establezcan un di\u00e1logo significativo con la gente, dar un mensaje de bienvenida, de acogida, de identificaci\u00f3n de los lugares y orientaci\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s de ellos, todo dentro de la escala de funcionalidad de la ciudad.<\/p>\n<p>Atender a la escala humana es una de las claves para el restablecimiento del di\u00e1logo ahora silenciado entre la gente y los dem\u00e1s componentes de la naturaleza.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12457\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12457\" style=\"width: 604px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12457 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-4.-En-Medell\u00edn-e1452924743300-750x560.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 4. En Medell\u00edn\" width=\"604\" height=\"451\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12457\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 4. Exuberante vegetaci\u00f3n, espacios de acondicionamiento para dar la bienvenida a los ciudadanos. Fuera Parque Explora en Medell\u00edn. Foto: Gloria Aponte<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>La manipulaci\u00f3n implica poder, y los seres humanos disfrutamos el poder. El disfrute de lograr nuestros deseos y verlos materializados puede ser mas fuerte que el sentimiento de pertenencia a la naturaleza y el apego al h\u00e1bitat local. La manipulaci\u00f3n solo por el placer de la propia satisfacci\u00f3n, por moda o por usar materiales m\u00e1s baratos es una manera irresponsable de participaci\u00f3n c\u00edvica o profesional en el desarrollo de la ciudad. La imagen en la figura 5 muestra c\u00f3mo desafortunadamente este fen\u00f3meno r\u00e1pidamente prolifera e invade las \u00e1reas residenciales de Medell\u00edn.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12458\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12458\" style=\"width: 549px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12458 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-5.-En-laureles.png\" alt=\"Figure 5. En laureles\" width=\"549\" height=\"343\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-5.-En-laureles.png 549w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-5.-En-laureles-100x62.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 549px) 100vw, 549px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12458\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 5. Naturaleza manipulada. La p\u00e9rdida de las funciones ecosist\u00e9micas y significado local emocional. Barrio Laureles. Foto: Gloria Aponte<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Medell\u00edn, la segunda ciudad colombiana, es en la actualidad internacionalmente reconocida por diversas razones. Ha recibido varios premios, principalmente por su resiliencia social, demostrada a trav\u00e9s del proceso de reconstrucci\u00f3n de la coexistencia social, el mejoramiento de los niveles de seguridad, la promoci\u00f3n de la innovaci\u00f3n y el emprenderismo, y muchos proyectos urbanos de destacada calidad, adelantados bajo la bandera del \u201curbanismo social\u201d. En una visita reciente, durante la Conferencia VII CLACSO, Boaventura de Soussa Santos aplaud\u00eda las grandes transformaciones de la ciudad pero recomendaba moderar el sentimiento de triunfalismo y recordar que no es solo con base en tecnolog\u00eda que se solucionan los problemas. Orientaba su discurso a asuntos sociales, pero \u00e9ste bien puede ser aplicado hacia la naturaleza tambi\u00e9n.<\/p>\n<p>A la vez que se reconocen los esfuerzos municipales a trav\u00e9s de la denominada \u201csilvicultura urbana\u201d, t\u00e9rmino que implica m\u00e1s t\u00e9cnicas forestales que conceptos y principios relacionados a la coexistencia de la naturaleza con los elementos de la ciudad y beneficios intangibles en el espectro urbano, es tiempo ahora de dirigir la mirada y los esfuerzos no solo hacia introducir vegetaci\u00f3n en la ciudad sino tambi\u00e9n hacia el redescubrimiento de la naturaleza en la ciudad. Se requiere trabajar en una aproximaci\u00f3n que empieza desde el valor significativo que la naturaleza conlleva y comunicar estos valores a los ciudadanos a trav\u00e9s de un mensaje que promueve sus emociones de identidad y arraigo.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12459\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12459\" style=\"width: 604px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12459 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-6.-Medell\u00edn-747x560.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 6. Medell\u00edn\" width=\"604\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-6.-Medell\u00edn-747x560.jpg 747w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-6.-Medell\u00edn-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-6.-Medell\u00edn-100x75.jpg 100w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-6.-Medell\u00edn-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Figure-6.-Medell\u00edn.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12459\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 6. Naturaleza que se redescubri\u00f3 a trav\u00e9s de la ciudad densamente desarrollado. Foto: Gloria Aponte<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Como afirma Paul Downton en una de sus inspiradoras <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/2013\/03\/31\/straw-polls-dodos-and-the-value-of-landscape\/\" target=\"_blank\">contribuciones en TNOC<\/a>: <em>Las premisas sobre las cuales edificamos nuestras ciudades y construimos civilizaci\u00f3n, y la medida y y maneras como incluimos naturaleza en nuestras ciudades depende de <strong>cu\u00e1les valores escogemos adoptar.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Recobrar los valores en proceso de desaparici\u00f3n, con respecto a la naturaleza y particularmente la vegetaci\u00f3n, no es simplemente un capricho de arquitecto paisajista \u00f3 un estilo, sino una contribuci\u00f3n responsable para la supervivencia y la calidad de vida urbana. En este sentido la propuesta consiste en materializar valores tales como:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sentirse parte de la naturaleza.<\/strong> Entender que: somos parte del bosque, de la tierra, del aire mismo, tal como nos lo recuerdan <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heeyaiagodobakari.info\" target=\"_blank\">los Jaguares de Yurupar\u00ed<\/a> (del Vaup\u00e9s colombiano). Su conocimiento y consecuente comportamiento al cuidar la salud , en estrecha relaci\u00f3n con el equilibrio de la naturaleza ha sido reconocido como Patrimonio Cultural Intangible de la Humanidad por UNESCO en 2011.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Respetar la naturaleza.<\/strong> Reconocer y entender las manifestaciones de la naturaleza pre-existente e interactuar con ella en lugar de dominarla indiscriminadamente, tiene que ser un lineamiento mandatorio para empezar cualquier nuevo desarrollo urbano en cualquier escala en un determinado predio.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Inspirarse en la naturaleza.<\/strong> La observaci\u00f3n de la naturaleza ha inspirado numerosas invenciones humanas, esas lecciones est\u00e1n a\u00fan ah\u00ed, gratuitamente, en cada ambiente local. La naturaleza proporciona lecciones de resiliencia, ritmo, diversidad arm\u00f3nica y acertada composici\u00f3n. No se pretende volver a un estado pr\u00edstino como fue hace mucho tiempo, pero s\u00ed asemejar la imagen que acompa\u00f1\u00f3 a la naturaleza de entonces. Permitir que aquellas capas permeen las nuevas y trasciendan a la vida urbana de hoy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ser aut\u00f3ctono.<\/strong> Usar material vegetal nativo tanto como sea posible. Es lo que corresponde hacer, en las condiciones actuales de crisis clim\u00e1tica para ayudar a moderar las condiciones de vida as\u00ed como recordar las formas, la imagen y la composici\u00f3n formal originales, para preservar el car\u00e1cter de nuestro paisaje original<\/p>\n<p>Conceptos como <strong>biofilia<\/strong> (la filiaci\u00f3n emocional innata de los seres humanos con otros organismos vivos, tal como lo presenta E.O. Wilson), la <strong>biom\u00edmesis<\/strong> (aproximaciones a la innovaci\u00f3n en busca de soluciones sustentables a retos actuales, emulando comprobadas estrategias y patrones de la naturaleza. Seg\u00fan el Biomimicry Institute 2015) y <strong>topofilia<\/strong> (el amor por, o conexiones emocionales con el lugar o el ambiente f\u00edsico), son definitivamente inspiradores y nos ayudan a evitar la ca\u00edda en el formalismo. Por supuesto habr\u00e1 que entender la estrecha relaci\u00f3n entre funci\u00f3n y forma natural, promulgando el mensaje impl\u00edcito en la presencia de formas, caracter\u00edsticas y rasgos de ra\u00edz local. <em>Somos como dioses, as\u00ed que tenemos que hacerlo bien<\/em>, dice Stewart Brand en su llamado al uso responsable del poder cuando participamos en la construcci\u00f3n de los lugares para vivir.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Lo urbano entender\u00e1 lo natural, recomponiendo su lectura del paisaje. \u2014<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com.co\/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&amp;ion=1&amp;espv=2&amp;ie=UTF-8#q=juan+luis+de+las+rivas+hacia+la+ciudad\" target=\"_blank\">De las Rivas\u00a0<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>Gloria Aponte<\/strong><br \/>\nMedell\u00edn<\/p>\n<p>De\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\" target=\"_blank\">The Nature of Cities<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Para leer la versi\u00f3n en espa\u00f1ol, haga clic\u00a0aqu\u00ed. Coexistence between nature and urban is not a matter of experts but a matter directly related to the &#8220;civic values.&#8221; \u2014De las Rivas What is the shape and formal composition given by designers or people in general to nature in our cities? Is it beneficial for the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":407,"featured_media":12459,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[273,299],"tags":[73,28,92,557,88,27,404,62,29],"coauthors":[610],"class_list":["post-12453","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-essay","category-essay-place-and-design","tag-biophilia","tag-design","tag-development","tag-landscape","tag-planning","tag-south-america","tag-value","tag-water","tag-what-is-urban-nature"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12453","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/407"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12453"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12453\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12459"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12453"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12453"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12453"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=12453"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}