{"id":2519,"date":"2013-02-17T09:00:27","date_gmt":"2013-02-17T14:00:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/?p=2519"},"modified":"2015-06-01T14:56:36","modified_gmt":"2015-06-01T18:56:36","slug":"gates-to-the-sea-port-cities-and-nature","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/2013\/02\/17\/gates-to-the-sea-port-cities-and-nature\/","title":{"rendered":"Port Cities and Nature: The Experience of Brest M\u00e9tropole Oc\u00e9ane and the Maritime Innovative Territories International Network"},"content":{"rendered":"<p align=\"left\"><i>Une version en fran\u00e7ais suit imm\u00e9diatement dans cet espace.<\/i><\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">Just as human activities change the face of our planet, the habits of maritime and port city residents have a disproportionate influence on the fate of coastal and marine biodiversity.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">We already know that what happens to life on Earth will depend on how people live in cities, but for ports, two factors further leverage their impact. First, they are the most significant global trade and transportation hubs, meaning they can influence and regulate key processes with huge implications on biodiversity. Second, given ongoing urbanization in coastal regions, their urban areas host an increasing population. Thus, their dense populations and high resource consumption patterns can cause offshore and onshore pollution in sensitive ecosystems, but their sustainable governance offers immense opportunities for reducing footprints and set best practices.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2538\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2538\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2538\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/02\/brestWeb-\u00a9Thierry-JOYEUX-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Brest. Photo: \u00a9 Thierry Joyeux\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2538\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brest. Photo: \u00a9 Thierry Joyeux<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p align=\"left\">It is also clear that local authorities in port cities, as managers, mediators, regulators and stewards of their natural capital at the closest level to citizens, can make an enormous difference for the sustainable management of biodiversity and ecosystem services. The successful transfer and adaptation of their different experiences through decentralized cooperation is challenging but critical for the conservation and sustainable use of marine and coastal resources. In this context, the urban community of <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brest,_France\" target=\"_blank\">Brest, France<\/a>, set up an international network of around 20 coastal territories, local authorities and their scientific partners, in North and Latin America, Europe and Asia, called the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mitin-network.org\" target=\"_blank\">Maritime Innovative Territories International Network<\/a> (MITIN), dedicated to promote and develop \u201cblue growth\u201d, the sustainable economic use of coastal and marine resources, through effective collaboration and exchanges.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\"><strong>What can port authorities do?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">The mandates and best practices of city governments with regards to biodiversity have been extensively detailed in this blog and in the groundbreaking \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbd.int\/authorities\/cbo1.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Cities and Biodiversity Outlook<\/a>\u201d, launched at the recent <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbd.int\/en\/subnational\/partners-and-initiatives\/cbo\" target=\"_blank\">Conference of the Parties<\/a> of the Convention in Hyderabad, India in October 2012<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">Decision makers in port city governments, however, can further promote awareness on biodiversity-related issues, and can ensure cost-effective freshwater supply and security through the wise use of wetlands and, increasingly, desalination of sea water (with potential impacts on groundwater salinity and energy consumption). Port city governments can enhance food security by supporting sustainable urban and peri-urban agriculture and aquaculture (which will also reduce coastal and marine pollution), and control urban expansion on sensitive coastal habitats via land-use zoning. They can also protect their cities from the impacts of sea level rise and storm surges by preserving the ecosystems which provide resilience to those coasts (such as estuaries, mangroves and coral reefs), can stimulate development in areas less subjected to these risks, and can participate in early warning systems that minimize actual damage by giving residents and officials time to prepare at critical times.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">By applying the right combination of economic incentives and attracting green investments, port cities can ultimately promote the wise use of their natural marine and coastal resources, while also addressing poverty eradication and the economic development of their citizens. Working with retailers and advertisers, as well as with civil society, and implementing sustainable public procurement guidelines, coastal local authorities can promote sustainable consumption. Fish stocks and fisheries are managed and regulated mostly through subnational and local authorities \u2013 even when guidelines and quotas are defined by national governments, the enforcement of no-fishing zones and the monitoring of activities and volumes rely heavily of local agencies and authorities.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">Port cities also play a crucial role in the prevention, control and eradication of invasive alien species. Shipping can disturb coastal ecosystems by introducing these species through exchange of <a href=\"http:\/\/ballast-outreach-ucsgep.ucdavis.edu\/newsletters\/Vessel_Fouling_and_Ballast_Water_Fact_Sheet42182.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">ballast water and fouling<\/a>. By establishing treatment protocols for ballast water and ship containers, as well as by introducing biosafety measures, port cities limit the contamination of coastal environment by invasive alien species. Their choices of technologies for urban infrastructure define the ultimate ecological footprint of their cities, their use of regulatory policy tools and voluntary economic incentives can bring greener businesses, and the quality of the urban environment they offer will attract, or not, discriminating citizens to settle, get engaged and pay taxes.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">Finally, local authorities in ports will contribute in decisive ways to expand global networks of coastal and marine parks \u2014 the 193 Parties to the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbd.int\" target=\"_blank\">Convention on Biological Diversity<\/a> agreed to protect 10 per cent of all coastal and marine areas by 2020 through integrated systems of protected areas and other conservation measures as part of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbd.int\/sp\/targets\/rationale\/target-11\/\" target=\"_blank\">Aichi target 11<\/a> \u2014 we\u2019re at around 6 per cent now and we\u2019ve barely got another 8 years to reach the deadline!<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\"><strong>Brest M\u00e9tropole Oc\u00e9ane and the development of the MITIN network<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2551\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2551\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2551\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/02\/Photo-Brest-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rick-Le-MouillourWeb-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Brest sous le soleil couchant. Photo: Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rick Le Mouillour\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2551\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brest sous le soleil couchant. Photo: Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rick Le Mouillour<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The urban community of <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brest,_France\" target=\"_blank\">Brest<\/a> is ranked in the world\u2018s top-10 for science and maritime techonologies, with more than 1,800 researchers currently developing cutting edge work. As France\u2019s main harbour for the Navy&#8217;s fleet maintenance and civilian ship repair, the community owns 5 ports, with different functions (military, scientific research, fishing, trade, leisure), and hosts many centres of excellence in scientific and technological research and education, such as <a href=\"http:\/\/wwz.ifremer.fr\/institut_eng\" target=\"_blank\">IFREMER<\/a>\u00a0and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oceanopolis.com\" target=\"_blank\">Oceanopolis<\/a>. As such, the local authority of Brest is involved in different European networks, such as the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cvpp.eu\" target=\"_blank\">Conference of Peripheral Port Cities<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.atlanticcities.eu\" target=\"_blank\">Conference of Atlantic Arc Cities<\/a>, promoting maritime issues including marine and coastal biodiversity.<\/p>\n<p>At the international level, Brest m\u00e9tropole oc\u00e9ane supported the creation of a new network, the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mitin-network.org\" target=\"_blank\">Maritime Innovative Territories International Network<\/a> (MITIN). Officially launched on July 13<sup>th<\/sup> 2012, MITIN is an initiative of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tech-brest-iroise.fr\" target=\"_blank\">Brest Science Park<\/a> (Technop\u00f4le Brest Iroise), supported by Brest m\u00e9tropole oc\u00e9ane and several international partners of the local authority. Today, MITIN gathers 20 maritime territories represented by their technology poles, development and scientific agencies, and local authorities, including the US (San Diego), Mexico (Veracruz), China (Qingdao, Shanga\u00ef), Argentina (province du Chubut), Vietnam (Haiphong), Italy (Tarente), UK (Southampton), Portugal (Porto), Spain (Vigo), and Quebec (Rimouski). The network aims at promoting sustainable \u201cblue\u201c growth and addresses the sustainable use of marine bio-resources, transportation, maritime safety and security, renewable marine sources of energy, marine instrumentation and information technologies.<\/p>\n<p>A <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mitin-network.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">web portal<\/a> has been created to provide virtual spaces for working groups, practical actions and technology transfer. As president of the local authority of Brest, Mayor Fran\u00e7ois Cuillandre also represents port cities in the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbd.int\/marine\/doc\/soi-brochure-2012-en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Sustainable Ocean Initiative<\/a>, a platform in the Convention dedicated to information sharing on best practices for the achievement of Aichi Targets 6, 10 and 11 related to marine and coastal biodiversity.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\"><strong>What works and what doesn&#8217;t<\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">While MITIN is work in progress, we can draw some lessons from its past experience, also to guide future activities. The International Meeting on marine and coastal biodiversity, organised by Brest m\u00e9tropole oc\u00e9ane in November 2012, represented an excellent opportunity for Brest partner networks, including MITIN, to reflect on some characteristics of effective decentralized cooperation:<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Problems are the same for port cities across the world, but cultural and institutional circumstances are different and the transfer of experiences requires equal efforts from the two sides<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" align=\"left\">The needs of each participating city are different, as are the level of expertise, available materials and suppliers of goods and services. One of the most effective ways to address this is the actual exchange of partners, allowing hosts and suppliers to benefit from a different perspective and further building the capacity of all experts involved, who are then able to work in the context of both cities and institutions. Thus, MITIN identifies priorities, including sustainable uses of marine resources, gathers partners and experts on common issues, offers an information-sharing platform and engages practitioners in the exchange of \u201cknow-how\u201d. The network can rely on the Summer University, with training sessions suggested by local scientific stakeholders in Brest and supported by Brest m\u00e9tropole oc\u00e9ane.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Proposals need to be systematically action-oriented and relevant to each partner<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" align=\"left\">MITIN focuses its cooperation on the concept of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.blueeconomy.eu\" target=\"_blank\">Blue Economy<\/a>, adjusting its context to the needs of each stakeholder group and economic actor to facilitate engagements and commitments. For instance, the implementation of marine protected areas taking into account local economic activities has proved to be an efficient mean to protect and restore marine stocks and habitats. In this context, <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Integrated_coastal_zone_management\" target=\"_blank\">Integrated Coastal Zone Management<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marine_spatial_planning\" target=\"_blank\">Marine Spatial Planning<\/a> are well-tested policy tools for public authorities to manage the growth of maritime activities, taking into account fragile or rich marine ecosystems.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">More flexible international or multilateral funding mechanisms need to be put in place to support decentralized cooperation<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" align=\"left\">Very few funding mechanisms exist in this domain, limiting the scope and effect of those productive partnerships to the capacity of participating local authorities. In Europe, the <a href=\"http:\/\/cor.europa.eu\/Pages\/welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Committee of the Regions<\/a> promotes the role of local actors to develop regions and all around the world some local initiatives are implemented. The involvement of Brest\u2019s international partners through MITIN reveals the interest and capacity of action of local actors in issues that have been considered mostly from a national point of view for a long time.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" align=\"left\">But, to be fully efficient, decentralized cooperation would benefit from the development of international or multilateral funding. We therefore plead in favor of the establishment of more mechanisms, either financed by States or international organizations, for instance based on the model of the European Committee of Regions, not only to promote implementation but also to coordinate the funding and technical efforts of various subnational and local authorities.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Scale up lessons learned at a global level<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\" align=\"left\">Regarding new partnerships, it is essential to scale up lessons learned at global level,\u00a0and to keep doors open for the further engagement of different networks and possible partners. In the case of MITIN, further collaboration between Brest m\u00e9tropole oc\u00e9ane, its partner networks and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.iclei.org\" target=\"_blank\">ICLEI<\/a> &#8211; Local Governments for Sustainability, an experienced international network gathering local authorities on sustainable development in urban areas issues, is being examined.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Plans and expectations<\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">To expand its objectives, Brest m\u00e9tropole oc\u00e9ane has initiated a partnership with the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity for technical cooperation and dissemination of experiences to CBD Parties and their subnational and local authorities. This partnership implies both the involvement of local stakeholders (main organizations working on biodiversity) and the invitation to its international and European networks to commit.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">As such, this initiative is a model for thematic and regional networks of local authorities supported by the Secretariat and ICLEI within the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbd.int\/en\/subnational\/partners-and-initiatives\/global-partnership\" target=\"_blank\">Global Partnership on Subnational and Local Action on Biodiversity<\/a>, which also includes the Mediterranean network <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbd.int\/en\/subnational\/partners-and-initiatives\/medivercities\" target=\"_blank\">MediverCities<\/a> supported by Montpellier. Similarly, this partnership will benefit from the technical support of ICLEI and its pioneering <a href=\"http:\/\/www.iclei.org\/index.php?id=lab\" target=\"_blank\">Local Action on Biodiversity<\/a> programme as a global source of expertise in local governance of biodiversity.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">Two events, initiated by MITIN members, and supported by Brest m\u00e9tropole oc\u00e9ane, will take place this year: a specific workshop organized by the State of Veracruz dedicated to environmental issues in the Gulf of Mexico in September 2013 and, at the end of October, the city of Qingdao (China) will host a Conference on \u201cBlue Economy\u201d, an innovative approach to the management of human production and consumption patterns and the efficient use of natural resources and energy through the use of nature-inspired technologies and solutions that are environmentally beneficial and have wider financial and social benefits. In 2013, Brest m\u00e9tropole oc\u00e9ane will also offer to its partners the possibility to attend a summer school university on site.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">Finally, Brest and the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity plan to cooperate on the production of a more detailed study on the role of port cities on marine and coastal biodiversity, building on the recently published Cities and Biodiversity Outlook.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\"><strong>Armelle Labadie-Ouedraogo, Isabelle Lavail-Ravetllat and\u00a0Oliver Hillel<\/strong><br \/>\nBrest, Marseille &amp; Montreal<\/p>\n<div>\n<hr align=\"left\" size=\"1\" width=\"33%\" \/>\n<div>\n<p>Armelle Labadie-Ouedraogo<br \/>\nMission Strategy and Perspectives<br \/>\nUrban Community of Brest<br \/>\n<a href=\"mailto:armelle.labadie-ouedraogo@brest-metropole-oceane.fr\">armelle.labadie-ouedraogo@brest-metropole-oceane.fr<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Isabelle Lavail-Ravetllat<br \/>\nIndependent consultant, Marseille<br \/>\n<a href=\"mailto:iravetllat@yahoo.ca\">iravetllat@yahoo.ca<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Oliver Hillel<br \/>\nProgramme Officer<br \/>\nSecretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity<br \/>\nMontreal<br \/>\n<a href=\"mailto:oliver.hillel@cbd.int\">oliver.hillel@cbd.int<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Les Villes Portuaires et la Nature: L\u2019exp\u00e9rience de Brest M\u00e9tropole Oc\u00e9ane et le R\u00e9seau International des Territoires Maritimes Innovants<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tout comme les activit\u00e9s humaines modifient le profil de la plan\u00e8te, le comportement des habitants des villes portuaires et c\u00f4ti\u00e8res a une influence disproportionn\u00e9e sur le sort de la biodiversit\u00e9 marine et c\u00f4ti\u00e8re.<\/p>\n<p>Nous savons d\u00e9j\u00e0 que ce qui arrive \u00e0 la vie sur terre d\u00e9pendra de la mani\u00e8re dont les populations vivent en ville, mais pour les villes portuaires, deux facteurs augmentent leur impact : d\u2019abord, elles sont des plaques tournantes incontournables du transport maritime et du commerce international (ce qui signifie qu\u2019elles peuvent influencer et r\u00e9guler les principaux processus qui ont d\u2019immenses implications sur la biodiversit\u00e9)\u00a0; ensuite, du fait d\u2019une urbanisation croissante dans les r\u00e9gions c\u00f4ti\u00e8res, leurs zones urbaines doivent faire face \u00e0 une population grandissante. Ainsi leurs populations denses et leur mod\u00e8le de consommation \u00e9lev\u00e9e de ressources est une cause de pollution marine et terrestre pour les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes sensibles des zones littorales, mais leur gestion durable offre d\u2019immenses opportunit\u00e9s pour r\u00e9duire leur empreinte et mettre en place de bonnes pratiques.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2538\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2538\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2538\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/02\/brestWeb-\u00a9Thierry-JOYEUX-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Brest. Photo: \u00a9 Thierry Joyeux\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2538\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brest. Photo: \u00a9 Thierry Joyeux<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Il est certain que les autorit\u00e9s locales des villes portuaires, en tant que gestionnaires, m\u00e9diateurs, r\u00e9gulateurs de leur capital naturel, au plus proche des citoyens, peuvent faire une \u00e9norme diff\u00e9rence pour une gestion durable de la biodiversit\u00e9 et pour les services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques. La r\u00e9ussite du transfert et de l\u2019adaptation de leurs diff\u00e9rentes exp\u00e9riences \u00e0 travers la coop\u00e9ration d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e est un d\u00e9fi ambitieux pour la conservation et l\u2019utilisation durable des ressources marines et c\u00f4ti\u00e8res. Dans ce contexte, la Communaut\u00e9 Urbaine de <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brest,_France\">Brest<\/a>, en France, a mis en place un r\u00e9seau international regroupant une vingtaine de territoires c\u00f4tiers, d\u2019autorit\u00e9s locales ainsi que leurs partenaires scientifiques, d\u2019Am\u00e9rique du Nord et du Sud, d\u2019Europe, d\u2019Asie, appel\u00e9 R\u00e9seau International des Territoires Maritime Innovants (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mitin-network.org\">RITMI<\/a>). Ce r\u00e9seau est d\u00e9di\u00e9 \u00e0 la promotion et au d\u00e9veloppement de \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019\u00e9conomie bleue\u00a0\u00bb, l\u2019utilisation et exploitation durable des ressources marines et c\u00f4ti\u00e8res, au travers d\u2019une collaboration et d\u2019\u00e9changes de bonnes pratiques.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Que peuvent faire des autorites portuarires?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Les comp\u00e9tences et les bonnes pratiques des autorit\u00e9s locales en ce qui concerne la biodiversit\u00e9 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 largement d\u00e9taill\u00e9es sur ce blog et dans le programme innovant \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbd.int\/authorities\/cbo1.shtml\">Les villes et les perspectives de la biodiversit\u00e9 (VPB)<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb, lanc\u00e9 lors de la derni\u00e8re <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbd.int\/en\/subnational\/partners-and-initiatives\/cbo\">Conf\u00e9rence des Etats Parties de la Convention<\/a> qui s\u2019est tenu \u00e0 Hyderabad, en Inde en octobre 2012.<\/p>\n<p>Cependant, les \u00e9lus de villes portuaires peuvent promouvoir davantage la sensibilisation sur les enjeux de biodiversit\u00e9 et peuvent assurer l&#8217;approvisionnement en eau douce et sa s\u00e9curisation via une utilisation raisonn\u00e9e et rationalis\u00e9e (co\u00fbt-efficacit\u00e9) des zones humides et le recours de plus en plus fr\u00e9quent au dessalement de l&#8217;eau de mer (avec des impacts potentiels sur la salinit\u00e9 des eaux souterraines et la consommation d&#8217;\u00e9nergie). Les villes portuaires peuvent garantir la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire en soutenant une agriculture et une aquaculture urbaines et p\u00e9riurbaines (ce qui r\u00e9duira \u00e9galement la pollution marine et c\u00f4ti\u00e8re) et contr\u00f4ler l\u2019\u00e9talement urbain dans les zones sensibles d&#8217;habitats c\u00f4tiers via des plans d\u2019occupation des sols (Plan Local d\u2019Urbanisme en France). Elles peuvent \u00e9galement prot\u00e9ger leurs territoires des impacts de l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9vation du niveau de la mer et de l\u2019augmentation des temp\u00eates en pr\u00e9servant les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes qui apportent la r\u00e9silience n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 ces c\u00f4tes (telles que les estuaires, les mangroves et les r\u00e9cifs coralliens). Elles peuvent favoriser le d\u00e9veloppement de zones moins sensibles \u00e0 ces risques et peuvent participer \u00e0 la mise en place de syst\u00e8mes d\u2019alerte pr\u00e9ventifs qui permettent de minimiser les d\u00e9g\u00e2ts en donnant aux habitants et aux \u00e9lus le temps de se pr\u00e9parer.<\/p>\n<p>En d\u00e9veloppant un bon \u00e9quilibre entre incitations \u00e9conomiques et en attirant les investissements durables, les villes portuaires peuvent promouvoir l\u2019utilisation raisonn\u00e9e des ressources marines et c\u00f4ti\u00e8res, tout en apportant des solutions pour r\u00e9duire la pauvret\u00e9 et favoriser le d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique local. En travaillant avec les commer\u00e7ants,les publicitaires et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile, et en mettant en \u0153uvre des mesures de d\u00e9veloppement durable dans le cadre des march\u00e9s publics, les autorit\u00e9s c\u00f4ti\u00e8res peuvent promouvoir un mode de consommation durable. Les stocks de poissons sont principalement g\u00e9r\u00e9s et r\u00e9gul\u00e9s par les autorit\u00e9s infranationales et locales \u2013 m\u00eame lorsque les orientations et quotas sont d\u00e9finis par les gouvernements nationaux, l\u2019application plus stricte des zones interdites \u00e0 la p\u00eache et la gestion des activit\u00e9s et des volumes d\u00e9pendent fortement des autorit\u00e9s locales.<\/p>\n<p>Les villes portuaires ont \u00e9galement jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le essentiel dans la pr\u00e9vention, le contr\u00f4le et l\u2019\u00e9radication des esp\u00e8ces invasives. Le transport maritime peut perturber les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes c\u00f4tiers en introduisant ces esp\u00e8ces lors du d\u00e9versement des eaux de ballast et des salissures. En \u00e9tablissant des proc\u00e9dures de traitement des eaux de ballast et des containers des navires, en introduisant \u00e9galement des mesures de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 biologique, les villes portuaires limitent la pollution de l\u2019environnement c\u00f4tier par les esp\u00e8ces invasives. Leurs choix de technologies pour les infrastructures urbaines d\u00e9finissent l\u2019empreinte \u00e9cologique finale de leur territoire, le recours \u00e0 des outils d\u2019aide \u00e0 la d\u00e9cision et des mesures d\u2019incitations \u00e9conomiques, peuvent favoriser des \u00e9conomies plus durables, et la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019environnement urbain qu\u2019elles offriront sera susceptible d\u2019attirer une partie de la population pr\u00eate \u00e0 s\u2019engager et \u00e0 contribuer \u00e0 l\u2019effort commun.<\/p>\n<p>Au final, les autorit\u00e9s locales portuaires contribueront de mani\u00e8re d\u00e9cisive \u00e0 \u00e9tendre les r\u00e9seaux internationaux de parcs marins et r\u00e9serves littorales \u2013 les 193 Etats Parties de la <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbd.int\">Convention sur la Diversit\u00e9 Biologique<\/a> se sont entendus pour prot\u00e9ger 10 % de l\u2019ensemble des zones c\u00f4ti\u00e8res et marines d\u2019ici 2020 par l\u2019instauration de zones prot\u00e9g\u00e9es et autres mesures de protection pr\u00e9cis\u00e9es par <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbd.int\/sp\/targets\/rationale\/target-11\/\">l\u2019objectif 11 d\u2019A\u00efchi<\/a> \u2013 la barre des 6 % est \u00e0 peine franchie et il ne reste que 8 ann\u00e9es pour atteindre cet objectif\u00a0!<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brest M\u00e9tropole Oce\u00e9ane et le developpement du reseau RITMO<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2551\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2551\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2551\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/02\/Photo-Brest-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rick-Le-MouillourWeb-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Brest sous le soleil couchant. Photo: Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rick Le Mouillour\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2551\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brest sous le soleil couchant. Photo: Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rick Le Mouillour<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>La Communaut\u00e9 urbaine de <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brest,_France\">Brest<\/a> figure parmi les 10 premi\u00e8res places mondiales en sciences et technologies de la mer, comptant plus de 1\u00a0800 chercheurs menant des travaux d\u2019excellence. En tant que principal port fran\u00e7ais de r\u00e9paration navale civile et militaire, le territoire est dot\u00e9 de 5 ports aux fonctions diff\u00e9rentes (militaires, recherche scientifique, p\u00eache, commerce, plaisance), et h\u00e9berge de nombreux centres d\u2019excellence dans le domaine de l\u2019\u00e9ducation et de la recherche scientifique et technologique, tels <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oceanopolis.com\">qu\u2019Oc\u00e9anopolis<\/a> ou <a href=\"http:\/\/wwz.ifremer.fr\/institut_eng\">IFREMER<\/a>. L\u2019autorit\u00e9 locale de Brest est partenaire de diff\u00e9rents r\u00e9seaux Europ\u00e9ens, comme la Conf\u00e9rence des Villes Portuaires P\u00e9riph\u00e9rique (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cvpp.eu\">CVPP<\/a>), la Conf\u00e9rence des Villes de l\u2019Arc Atlantique (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.atlanticcities.eu\">CVAA<\/a>), pour promouvoir les enjeux maritimes y compris la biodiversit\u00e9 marine et c\u00f4ti\u00e8re.<\/p>\n<p>Au niveau international, Brest m\u00e9tropole oc\u00e9ane a soutenu la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un nouveau r\u00e9seau, le R\u00e9seau International des Territoires Maritime Innovants (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mitin-network.org\">RITMI<\/a>). Officiellement lanc\u00e9 le 13 juillet 2012, RITMI est une initiative du Technop\u00f4le Brest Iroise, avec l\u2019appui de Brest m\u00e9tropole oc\u00e9ane et de plusieurs territoires internationaux partenaires. Aujourd\u2019hui, RITMI rassemble 20 territoires maritimes repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s par leur technop\u00f4le, agence de d\u00e9veloppement, organismes scientifiques et autorit\u00e9s locales. Il comprend : les Etats-Unis (San Diego), le Mexique (Veracruz), la Chine (Qingdao, Shanga\u00ef), l\u2018Argentine (province du Chubut), le Vietnam (Haiphong), l\u2018Italie (Tarente), la Grande-bretagne (Southampton), le Portugal (Porto), l\u2018Espagne (Vigo), et le Quebec (Rimouski). Le R\u00e9seau a pour objectif de promouvoir une \u00ab\u00a0croissance bleue\u00a0\u00bb durable et aborde l\u2019utilisation raisonn\u00e9e des bio-ressources marines, du transport maritime, de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et s\u00fbret\u00e9 maritimes, des \u00e9nergies marines renouvelables, de l\u2019instrumentation marine et des technologies de l\u2019information.<\/p>\n<p>Un <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mitin-network.org\/\">portail Internet<\/a> a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9 pour mettre \u00e0 disposition diff\u00e9rents espaces virtuels pour les groupes de travail du <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mitin-network.org\/\">R\u00e9seau<\/a>, et pour faciliter le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2018actions concr\u00e8tes et le transfert de technologies. En tant que Pr\u00e9sident de Brest m\u00e9tropole oc\u00e9ane, le Maire de Brest Fran\u00e7ois Cuillandre repr\u00e9sente \u00e9galement les villes portuaires au sein de <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbd.int\/marine\/doc\/soi-brochure-2012-en.pdf\">l\u2019Initiative pour un Oc\u00e9an Durable<\/a>, plateforme de la Convention sur la Diversit\u00e9 Biologique d\u00e9di\u00e9e au partage de l\u2019information sur les bonnes pratiques permettant d\u2019atteindre les objectifs d\u2019A\u00efchi 6, 10 et 11 en lien avec la biodiversit\u00e9 marine et c\u00f4ti\u00e8re.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ce qui fonctionne et ce qui ne fonctionne pas<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Alors que RITMI vient d\u2019\u00eatre cr\u00e9\u00e9, on peut d\u2019ores-et d\u00e9j\u00e0 tirer quelques le\u00e7ons de son exp\u00e9rience pass\u00e9e, permettant de mieux orienter les activit\u00e9s futures. Les Rencontres Internationales sur la biodiversit\u00e9 marine et c\u00f4ti\u00e8re, organis\u00e9es par Brest m\u00e9tropole oc\u00e9ane en novembre 2012, a repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 une excellente opportunit\u00e9 pour les r\u00e9seaux partenaires de Brest, y compris RITMI, pr\u00e9sentant les principales caract\u00e9ristiques d\u2019une coop\u00e9ration d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e efficace.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">A travers le monde, les villes portuaires doivent faire face \u00e0 des probl\u00e9matiques similaires, cependant, le contexte culturel et institutionnel varie, c\u2019est pourquoi l\u2019\u00e9change d\u2019exp\u00e9rience n\u00e9cessite une implication \u00e9gale des deux parties. <\/span>Les besoins de chaque territoire impliqu\u00e9 sont diff\u00e9rents, tout comme le sont le niveau d\u2019expertise, l\u2019\u00e9quipement disponible et les fournisseurs de biens et services. Une des fa\u00e7ons les plus efficaces d\u2019aborder cela est un \u00e9change effectif entre les partenaires, permettant aux fournisseurs et aux b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires de tirer profit d\u2019une perspective nouvelle et d\u2019augmenter ainsi la capacit\u00e9 de tous les experts impliqu\u00e9s, qui sont alors capables de travailler dans le champ des deux villes et institutions. Ainsi, RITMI identifie des priorit\u00e9s, incluant une exploitation durable des ressources marines, rassemble des partenaires et des experts sur des probl\u00e9matiques communes, offre une plateforme d\u2019\u00e9change d\u2019information et permet l\u2019engagement des professionnels \u00e0 \u00e9changer les savoir-faire. Le r\u00e9seau peut s\u2019appuyer sur une Universit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9, avec des sessions de formation sugg\u00e9r\u00e9es par les acteurs locaux scientifiques de Brest et soutenues par Brest m\u00e9tropole oc\u00e9ane.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Des propositions qui doivent syst\u00e9matiquement \u00eatre orient\u00e9es vers l\u2019action et doivent \u00eatre pertinentes pour chaque partenaire.<\/span> RITMI concentre ses coop\u00e9rations sur le concept de l\u2019\u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.blueeconomy.eu\">\u00e9conomie bleue\u00a0<\/a>\u00bb, adaptant son contexte aux besoins de chaque groupe d\u2019acteurs locaux afin de faciliter son engagement. Par exemple, la mise en \u0153uvre de zones marines prot\u00e9g\u00e9es prenant en compte les activit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques locales a prouv\u00e9 son efficacit\u00e9 pour prot\u00e9ger et restaurer les habitats et les r\u00e9serves marines. Dans ce contexte, la <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Integrated_coastal_zone_management\">gestion int\u00e9gr\u00e9e des zones c\u00f4ti\u00e8res<\/a> et <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marine_spatial_planning\">l\u2019am\u00e9nagement de l\u2019espace marin<\/a> sont des outils test\u00e9s au service des autorit\u00e9s locales pour g\u00e9rer le d\u00e9veloppement des activit\u00e9s maritimes, en prenant en compte les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes marins riches ou fragiles.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">La mise en place de m\u00e9canismes de financement international\/multilat\u00e9ral et plus flexible au service de la coop\u00e9ration d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e.<\/span> Tr\u00e8s peu de m\u00e9canismes de financement existent dans ce domaine, limitant l\u2019\u00e9tendue et les effets de ces partenariats productifs \u00e0 la capacit\u00e9 des organisations impliqu\u00e9es. En Europe, le <a href=\"http:\/\/cor.europa.eu\/Pages\/welcome.html\">Comit\u00e9 des R\u00e9gions<\/a> vise \u00e0 promouvoir le r\u00f4le des acteurs locaux pour d\u00e9velopper les r\u00e9gions et des initiatives locales sont mises en \u0153uvre \u00e0 travers le monde. L\u2019implication des partenaires internationaux de Brest via RITMI r\u00e9v\u00e8le l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat et la capacit\u00e9 de l\u2019action des acteurs locaux sur des probl\u00e9matiques qui ont presque uniquement \u00e9t\u00e9 envisag\u00e9e d\u2019un point de vue national pendant de nombreuses ann\u00e9es. Mais, afin d\u2019\u00eatre toujours plus efficace, la coop\u00e9ration d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e, devrait b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier du d\u00e9veloppement des financements internationaux ou multilat\u00e9raux. C\u2019est pourquoi, nous plaidons pour la cr\u00e9ation de plus de m\u00e9canismes, financ\u00e9s soit par les Etats, soit par les organisations internationales, bas\u00e9s, par exemple, sur le mod\u00e8le du Comit\u00e9 des R\u00e9gions, non seulement pour promouvoir la mise en \u0153uvre mais \u00e9galement pour coordonner les efforts techniques et financiers d\u2019autorit\u00e9s infranationales et locales.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">En ce qui concerne la perspective de nouveaux partenariats, il est essentiel de <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">faire remonter au niveau international les exp\u00e9riences locales<\/span> et de garder la porte ouverte \u00e0 l\u2019engagement de diff\u00e9rents r\u00e9seaux et partenaires. En ce qui concerne RITMI, la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019une plus grande collaboration entre Brest m\u00e9tropole oc\u00e9ane, ses r\u00e9seaux partenaires et <a href=\"http:\/\/www.iclei.org\">ICLEI<\/a> \u2013 Les Gouvernements Locaux pour le D\u00e9veloppement Durable, un r\u00e9seau international exp\u00e9riment\u00e9 rassemblant des autorit\u00e9s locales sur la probl\u00e9matique du d\u00e9veloppement durable des zones urbaines \u2013 est actuellement \u00e9tudi\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Poursuites et attentes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Afin d\u2019\u00e9tendre ses objectifs, Brest m\u00e9tropole oc\u00e9ane a initi\u00e9 un partenariat avec le Secr\u00e9tariat de la Convention sur la Diversit\u00e9 Biologique pour une coop\u00e9ration technique et une diffusion des exp\u00e9riences aux Etats Parties de la CDB et de leurs autorit\u00e9s infranationales et locales. Ce partenariat pr\u00e9voit, \u00e0 la fois, l\u2019implication des acteurs locaux (principales organisations abordant la biodiversit\u00e9) et une invitation \u00e0 ses r\u00e9seaux europ\u00e9ens et internationaux \u00e0 s\u2019engager.<\/p>\n<p>Ainsi, cette initiative constitue un mod\u00e8le de r\u00e9seau th\u00e9matique et r\u00e9gional d\u2019autorit\u00e9s locales, soutenu par le Secr\u00e9tariat et ICLEI, dans le cadre du <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbd.int\/en\/subnational\/partners-and-initiatives\/global-partnership\">Partenariat mondial sur l\u2019action infranationale et locale sur la biodiversit\u00e9<\/a>, qui inclut \u00e9galement le r\u00e9seau m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en MediverCities, soutenu par Montpellier. De m\u00eame, ce partenariat b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiera du soutien technique d\u2019ICLEI &#8211; Les Gouvernements Locaux pour le D\u00e9veloppement Durable\u00a0 et de son programme innovant \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.iclei.org\/index.php?id=lab\">Action Locale pour la Biodiversit\u00e9\u00a0<\/a>\u00bb, comme source mondiale d\u2019expertise dans la gestion locale de la biodiversit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Deux \u00e9v\u00e9nements, initi\u00e9s par les membres de RITMI, et soutenus par Brest m\u00e9tropole oc\u00e9ane, se d\u00e9rouleront cette ann\u00e9e : un atelier organis\u00e9 par l\u2019Etat de Veracruz et portant sur les probl\u00e9matiques environnementales du Golfe du Mexique en septembre 2013 et, \u00e0 la fin du mois d\u2019octobre, la ville de Qingdao (Chine) accueillera une conf\u00e9rence sur \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019\u00e9conomie bleue\u00a0\u00bb, une approche innovante pour la gestion de la production humaine,des habitudes de consommation, une utilisation efficace des ressources naturelles et de l\u2019\u00e9nergie par le d\u00e9veloppement de technologies inspir\u00e9es de la nature et des solutions aux nombreux b\u00e9n\u00e9fices sur le plan environnemental, \u00e9conomique et social. En 2013, Brest m\u00e9tropole oc\u00e9ane offrira \u00e9galement \u00e0 ses partenaires la possibilit\u00e9 de participer \u00e0 une universit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Enfin, Brest et le Secr\u00e9tariat de la Convention sur la Diversit\u00e9 Biologique projettent de coop\u00e9rer pour produire une \u00e9tude d\u00e9taill\u00e9e sur le r\u00f4le des villes portuaires sur la biodiversit\u00e9 marine et c\u00f4ti\u00e8re, bas\u00e9e sur la r\u00e9cente publication \u00ab\u00a0Les villes et les perspectives de la biodiversit\u00e9\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Armelle Labadie-Ouedraogo, Isabelle Lavail-Ravetllat and\u00a0Oliver Hillel<br \/>\n<\/strong><em id=\"__mceDel\"><em id=\"__mceDel\">Brest, Marseille &amp; Montreal<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Une version en fran\u00e7ais suit imm\u00e9diatement dans cet espace. Just as human activities change the face of our planet, the habits of maritime and port city residents have a disproportionate influence on the fate of coastal and marine biodiversity. We already know that what happens to life on Earth will depend on how people live [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":6918,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[273,297],"tags":[402,25,42,72,62],"coauthors":[196],"class_list":["post-2519","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-essay","category-essay-science-and-tools","tag-coasts","tag-europe","tag-networks","tag-popular","tag-water"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2519","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2519"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2519\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6918"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2519"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2519"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2519"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=2519"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}