{"id":2681,"date":"2013-04-08T07:00:20","date_gmt":"2013-04-08T11:00:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/?p=2681"},"modified":"2015-06-01T15:01:37","modified_gmt":"2015-06-01T19:01:37","slug":"science-fiction-and-prospective-visions-of-nature-changing-our-utopias-to-shift-our-vision-of-nature","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/2013\/04\/08\/science-fiction-and-prospective-visions-of-nature-changing-our-utopias-to-shift-our-vision-of-nature\/","title":{"rendered":"Prospective Urbanism\u2014Using Science and Fiction to Imagine a New Way for Urban Nature"},"content":{"rendered":"

A vers\u00e3o em Portugu\u00eas<\/a> segue imediatamente.
\nUne version en fran\u00e7ais<\/a> appara\u00eet imm\u00e9diatement apr\u00e8s la version portugaise.
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

Designing nature is a challenging task in an urban environment. For example, how can a 38 years old individual (myself) safely edit a 3.8 billion years old system (Nature)? It is quite a test for creative confidence. An arrogance, really.<\/p>\n

I remember when I began studying landscape architecture and struggled with the blank page. Twenty years later there is no longer a blank page. Instead, I am challenged by a world of millions of individuals and trillions of interrelations; a never ending border between our knowledge and the regenerative possibilities of nature.<\/p>\n

Scales of time, nature and culture<\/strong><\/p>\n

Biodiversity is the greatest value a territory can offer to a human community. Most cities ignore biodiversity.<\/p>\n

Why do we create cities this way?<\/p>\n

What were the dreams of the generation that drew our cities in this way?<\/p>\n

What city do we want?<\/p>\n

In what kind of city can we live today?<\/p>\n

In what kind of city can we dream?<\/p>\n

These are a lot of questions! And in our era of certainty, we may need\u00a0more<\/span><\/i>\u00a0questions than answers. I used to work with technical and aesthetic solutions to improve social and ecological performances of territories and ecosystems. However, I think that cultural change in a society can have higher and quicker positive impact than transforming land use or land cover. We may need to change our culture to change the way we develop and conserve our earth and its cities.<\/p>\n

This blog is aimed to be a provocation, a utopian design to promote a debate about the place of nature in cities. I used to say that when you ask something for nature you should ask for twice as much, since our society is a fierce negotiator. The proposal is about creating new and audacious layers for the city, building aerial cores of biodiversity and link them to create new usage of the aerial space what is actually the space that is remaining for nature in the middle of the city, something high (including different meanings of the term).<\/p>\n

Not\u00a0writing\u00a0but reading<\/strong><\/p>\n

In this essay I will try to give a personal and not definitive answer to a few of the questions above. So, first of all, I will to do more of the same\u2014mais do mesmo,\u00a0<\/i>a Brazilian expression for when you are not doing something new. It is the way nature works: more and the same, but improved.<\/p>\n

I will keep the idea of doing something local, even more local in fact. I will stand at my bedroom window, and start to take a look at my city’s nature and just keep watching. Let us\u00a0read<\/span><\/i> nature.<\/p>\n

It looks like a great occupation.<\/p>\n

\"Picture
The skyline of Tijuca Forest and Humait\u00e1 neighborhood on the ground. Photo: \u00a9 P. Martin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

I am looking at a public nature. It is the eastern part of Tijuca National Park<\/a>, and it is actually bigger than public: it is a world heritage cultural landscape<\/a>. It is the first time an urban landscape has been included in this list and I understand it as an appeal for more protection and conservation of this scenic landscape of tropical Atlantic rainforest, granitic hills \u2026and a lot of concrete occupying most of the lowlands.<\/p>\n

Personally, I have my doubts if God is Brazilian as many say, but I am sure that Biodiversity is Brazilian. It lives here, and this country is its temple. There is proof of it. It can be found in biodiversity indices about Brazilian Biomes and species, making Brazil not only a soccer world champion but also a biodiversity world champion.<\/p>\n

The neighborhood we are watching in the above picture is called Humait\u00e1. According to the etymologist Machado, the meaning is derived from the Tupi \u201cmbait\u00e1\u201d, meaning a small parrot. Today we place this bird, smaller than a parrot, in the family Psittacidae, and the common name is\u00a0maitaca<\/i> or maritaca<\/i>. You can see pictures and its typical song here<\/a>. They used to fly through the city at the beginning and at the end of the day, in small groups, making during the flight a typical sound of the city. So as the name of the district says Humait\u00e1: the place of the maitacas<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\"Aratingaleucophthalma
Aratinga leucophthalma<\/a> (Statius Muller, 1776). \u00a9 \u00a0Dario Sanches<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Is reading\u00a0an inventory?<\/strong><\/p>\n

When Carolus Linnaeus<\/a> denominated and \u201ctaxonomized\u201d our species as Homo sapiens<\/i> in 1758 in Systema Naturae<\/a>,<\/i> we were in the middle of the Si\u00e8cle de Lumi\u00e8res<\/a>,<\/i> the major scientific revolution that occurred in the human history.<\/p>\n

Science, art and design were at this time integrated, in part because it used to be more common for people to practice ALL THREE at once. Now they have become separate, and urban design has weakened because of it. And urban nature is abused because of it. How can they be reintegrated for the good of urban spaces, both as places of nature and as human settlements?<\/p>\n

Let\u2019s look outside and see what nature teaches us, what she shows us that Works (and doesn\u2019t work).<\/p>\n

Let\u2019s learn from this to design better.<\/p>\n

So, how should we read<\/em><\/span> nature, especially in the context of reintegrating science with design? Nature is movement, nature is dynamic, so we may use dynamic tool to read it. I am fascinated by time lapse photography, a visual sequencing through a fixed frame rate permitting to see natural movements by changing our vision, our dimension of the fourth dimension of time.<\/p>\n

This observation absolutely inspires this proposal, as the dynamic movement of this aerial cloud dance here<\/a> suggests directly to use the aerial space of the city.\u00a0It is important to watch this video of around one minute to understand better the origin of the proposal.<\/p>\n

Think in four<\/em><\/span> dimensions<\/strong><\/p>\n

When we talk about space we commonly use four dimension parameters. In computer aided design (CAD) software, the X and Y axis are quite similar and define planarity and are the most used dimensions in design and representation of our planet, our communities and our habitats. Z, the vertical axis is the axis of the gravity, it is one of the factor that has shaped and continues shaping the forms of our species and environment, most cycles use its force to promote movements and changes.<\/p>\n

Time is the fourth dimension, the dimensional system of actions, interactions and results. Each dimension should have the same importance as the others when analyzing and planning spaces and places.<\/p>\n

\"Picture
Dynamic shapes of water cycle from forest to clouds. Credit: Pierre-Andr\u00e9 Martin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Fight for space<\/strong><\/p>\n

Spatial competition is an ecological interaction between species in the environment since life exists. Today the \u201cbest\u201d competitor for space is the human species, with a massive territorial sprawling of agriculture, deforestation, reforestation, mining, cities and their many infrastructures, which generate not only land cover change but also chemical and thermal change of our environments (Living Planet Report 2012<\/a>).<\/p>\n

We have succeeded to giving our name to the next geological era, the Anthropocene<\/a>. The world is ours, and in a bad way. The proposal drawn for Humait\u00e1, the maitaca<\/i>\u00b4s district is conceptually based on principle of equal rights: equal rights for plants, insects, animals and humans (Michael Marder, The time is ripe for plant rights<\/a>). Rights for space and place are included in the proposal and offer the nutrient for the utopia of designing a nature for the city.<\/p>\n

\"Humait\u00e1,
Humait\u00e1, before and after human occupation. Credit: P. Martin, based on Atlas da evolu\u00e7\u00e3o urbana da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Eduardo Canabrava Barreiros<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Thinking about more nature, or places for more nature in a city where there are not even places for people to walk in the street is very difficult. Potential areas are shrinking quickly \u2014 selling public areas to the private real estate sector is common in Rio. The district is a mix of old villas, old houses, some mansions, and new 10 to 20 story residential buildings popping on top of the other categories.<\/p>\n

The official site of urban data of the city hall<\/a> about the district\u00a0reveals an astonishing number about vegetation in public parks (2001): 0%. There must be an explanation for why we have zero-tree public parks in the city, but it gives the taste of the environment many experience in the urbanized area of the city of Rio de Janeiro.<\/p>\n

\"Conceptual
Conceptual melting-pot of the proposal.(spider web + hammock + roots bridges + zip-line + rock climbing vegetation). Credit: P. Martin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Change culture like ecological succession<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ecological restoration is based on a range of concepts, one of them is ecological succession, the process by which the species of an ecosystem change over time and the restorative efforts that may required for the creation of environmental conditions for natural successional processes to be activated. But the concept of this essay is to think about a cultural succession, a way to imagine the city. Our city nowadays is not so far from the vision of the Fritz Lang\u2019s \u2018Metropolis<\/a>\u2019 or Ridley Scott\u2019s \u2018Blade Runner<\/a>\u2019 in terms of overanthropized spaces. Science Fiction is a great philosophical device to discuss new forms of nature for urban environment. And it may save many human habitats in Humait\u00e1 if we really think of equal rights for space.<\/p>\n

\"Render
Render of a suspended biodiversity cloud in the sky of the Humait\u00e1 neighborhood. Credit P.Martin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Natural structures: cores and flows<\/strong><\/p>\n

Island biogeography is one of the main theories of landscape ecology and is a tool for debate in reserve design and other discussions about nature conservancy and design. Here I intend to promote \u201cnature science fiction\u201d, so it will slip a little bit from plausibility and deviate from literal technical and feasibility \u201cdetails\u201d (purists forgive me, please). And it will draw a utopian proposal for nature in the Humait\u00e1 neighborhood, thinking about core and flows as a framework for design.<\/p>\n

The idea of creating a radical biodiversity island is not new, Gilles Cl\u00e9ment, has done it in its \u00eele Derborence<\/a>\u00a0<\/i>in the Parc Matisse, in Lille, France, creating an untouchable part of nature in the middle of an urban planning: 3500 square meters of native mixed stratus of vegetation, 7 meters higher than the common level. The design is a direct reference to one of the few primary forests in Europe located in the Valais (Switzerland).<\/p>\n

The main idea of the proposal for Humait\u00e1 is to create a new layer above the city in its aerial space, with different types of connections for adventurous fauna, flora and people.<\/p>\n

Between clouds and rivers<\/strong><\/p>\n

Water is a fascinating dynamic compound of nature and it is vital for all forms of life. The time lapse observation of the forest creating clouds and receiving rain show us a natural beauty that you cannot see when you are walking in the middle of a polluted flooded street during rush hour. Rain is a true beauty, a source of life and our cities succeed to transform these moments in an urban nightmare.\u00a0Like every form of life, we are part of the water system, but now there are major negative impacts in the different scales of the water environment of our blue planet. Should offsetting water cycle from human relation be safest for it? For sure it is a polemical idea, but given that we have succeeded to change the chemistry of most of the water on the surface of earth, it is not so radical. Using gravity we can make water pass through suspended gardens and so may think about suspended wetlands to stock water and create habitats for avifauna in the sky.<\/p>\n

\"Hydrological
Hydrological diagram\/render of suspended wetlands and thicket connected to lost underground riversthrough lianas and wires. Credit: P. Martin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Social scale, ecology and dynamics<\/strong><\/p>\n

In my opinion, the positive scales for the Human species are the individual and the community scales. Cities in a certain way change the scale of our communities to landscape scale, regional scale and macro scale. If we look at our neighborhood and the social tissues of it through landscape ecology methodologies we might find fragmentations, edge effects and so much more ecological phenomena. Ecological Thinking may be the new holistic approach into all disciplines, not only for biology and earth science.<\/p>\n

When you live in Rio de Janeiro, moving from one place to another is a concern \u2014 the city has grown but the streets do not get larger. The last brilliant idea of the government was to promote individual motorized transport: the car. So as transport is both a relationship and a flow, the proposal creates suspended pathways and zip-lines between the hills to connect buildings, public spaces, public equipment, schools, slums and natural areas. I think this system\u00a0creates a richer environment not only for nature, but also for humans.<\/p>\n

\"Rendering
Rendering of people walking through suspended pathways, vegetated island looking at monkeys and maitacas. Credit: P. Martin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Utopia and reality considerations<\/strong><\/p>\n

I hope this proposal will generate debates and instigate more utopias. For sure many points have not been deeply developed and there is some considerations about integrity of ecosystems, but this proposal is meant to be provocative and novel, creating new communities around new relationships.<\/p>\n

Everybody may be concerned by plants falling on the top of their head, but as we already throw a lot of concrete on top of swamps, rivers and forest it is a hard lex talionis<\/i> logic, an eye for an eye. For safety, don\u2019t try to do this at home, but please dream of new forms of nature for our cities<\/p>\n

Pierre-Andr\u00e9 Martin<\/strong>
\nRio de Janeiro<\/p>\n

<\/a>***<\/p>\n

Urbanismo Prospectivo\u2014Usando a\u00a0Ci\u00eancia\u00a0e a Fic\u00e7\u00e3o para Imaginar uma Nova Natureza Urbana<\/b><\/h1>\n

Escalas da natureza, tempo e cultura<\/strong><\/p>\n

Projetar a natureza \u00e9 uma tarefa dif\u00edcil em um ambiente urbano. Por exemplo, como um indiv\u00edduo de 38 anos (eu) pode de maneira segura\u00a0editar um sistema de 3,8 bilh\u00f5es de anos (Natureza)? \u00c9 um bom teste para a confian\u00e7a criativa, uma arrog\u00e2ncia, na verdade.<\/p>\n

Eu me lembro quando eu comecei a estudar a arquitetura da paisagem, lutando com a p\u00e1gina em branco e passando dificuldades com ela. Vinte anos depois, n\u00e3o h\u00e1 mais nenhuma p\u00e1gina em branco, agora eu sou desafiado por um mundo de milh\u00f5es de indiv\u00edduos e trilh\u00f5es de inter-rela\u00e7\u00f5es, uma borda sem fim entre o nosso conhecimento e as possibilidades de regenera\u00e7\u00e3o da natureza.<\/p>\n

A biodiversidade \u00e9 o maior valor\u00a0que um\u00a0territ\u00f3rio pode oferecer a uma comunidade humana. A maioria das cidades ignoram a biodiversidade.<\/p>\n

Por que criamos as cidades dessa maneira?<\/p>\n

Qual eram os sonhos da gera\u00e7\u00e3o que desenhou nossas cidades dessa maneira?<\/p>\n

Que cidade queremos?<\/p>\n

Em que tipo de cidade podemos viver hoje?<\/p>\n

Que tipo de cidade podemos sonhar?<\/p>\n

Quantas perguntas! Na nossa era de certezas talvez precisamos mais de perguntas do que respostas? Eu uso no meu of\u00edcio de paisagista solu\u00e7\u00f5es t\u00e9cnicas e est\u00e9ticas para melhorar as performances sociais e ecol\u00f3gicas de territ\u00f3rios e ecossistemas, mas percebo que a mudan\u00e7a cultural de uma sociedade pode ter um impacto maior e mais r\u00e1pido do que a positiva transforma\u00e7\u00e3o do uso ou da cobertura do solo. Talvez seja necess\u00e1rio mudar a nossa cultura para mudar a forma como desenvolver e conservar as nossas terras e as suas cidades. A proposta ora apresentada \u00e9 uma provoca\u00e7\u00e3o, um projeto ut\u00f3pico para promover um debate sobre o lugar da natureza nas cidades. Costumo dizer que quando voc\u00ea pede algo para a natureza, voc\u00ea deve pedir em dobro j\u00e1 que a nossa sociedade \u00e9 muito dura nas suas negocia\u00e7\u00f5es com ela. A proposta consiste em criar novas e audaciosas camadas para a cidade, pela constru\u00e7\u00e3o de n\u00facleos a\u00e9reos de biodiversidade e ligar eles criando um novo uso do espa\u00e7o a\u00e9reo, que \u00e9 realmente o espa\u00e7o que resta para a natureza no meio da cidade, algo alto (incluindo os diferentes significados do termo).<\/p>\n

Ler e n\u00e3o escrever<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vou tentar dar uma resposta pessoal e n\u00e3o definitiva para algumas dessas perguntas nesse blog. Ent\u00e3o, antes de tudo, eu decidi fazer \u201cmais do mesmo\u201d (artigo anterior<\/a>). \u00c9 a maneira que a natureza trabalha, mais e melhor.<\/p>\n

Vou manter a id\u00e9ia de fazer algo local, e dessa vez ainda mais local. Vou ficar na janela do meu quarto, e vou come\u00e7ar a olhar a natureza da minha cidade, vou ler a natureza. Parece uma excelente ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

\"Picture
O relevo da foresta da Tijuca como plano de fundo da cidade. Foto: P. Martin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Estou olhando para uma natureza p\u00fablica. E a parte mais oriental da Parque Nacional da Tijuca<\/a>,\u00a0e na verdade ela \u00e9 mais do que p\u00fablica: \u00e9 um patrim\u00f4nio mundial da humanidade<\/a>. \u00c9 a primeira vez que uma paisagem urbana foi inclu\u00edda nessa lista e eu entendo isso como um apelo para uma maior prote\u00e7\u00e3o e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o desta paisagem de mata\u00a0atl\u00e2ntica, morros de granitos … e um monte de concreto ocupando a maior parte das terras baixas. Pessoalmente, tenho minhas d\u00favidas se Deus \u00e9 brasileiro, como muitos o dizem, mas tenho certeza de que a biodiversidade \u00e9 Brasileira. Ela mora aqui, e este pa\u00eds \u00e9 o seu templo. H\u00e1 provas disso e elas est\u00e3o nos \u00edndices de biodiversidade dos Biomas Brasileiros, fazendo do Brasil n\u00e3o s\u00f3 um campe\u00e3o mundial de futebol, mas tamb\u00e9m o campe\u00e3o mundial da biodiversidade.<\/p>\n

Esse bairro que estamos vendo na foto acima \u00e9 chamado de Humait\u00e1. \u00a0De acordo com o etimologista Machado, o significado poderia ser derivado do tupi “mbait\u00e1”, significando um papagaio pequeno. Hoje damos a esse p\u00e1ssaro, da fam\u00edlia dos psitac\u00eddeos, o nome comum de maitaca ou maritaca. Voc\u00ea pode ver fotos dele e seu canto t\u00edpico aqui<\/a>. Eles costumam voar pela cidade no in\u00edcio e no final do dia, em pequenos grupos, fazendo deste v\u00f4o um som t\u00edpico da cidade. Assim como o nome do bairro Humait\u00e1 diz: \u00e9 o lugar das maitacas.<\/p>\n

\"Aratingaleucophthalma
Aratinga leucophthalma<\/a> (Statius Muller, 1776) \u00a9 \u00a0Dario Sanches<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ler significa inventoriar?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Quando Carolus Linnaeus<\/a> denomina e “taxonomiza” a nossa esp\u00e9cie como Homo sapiens em 1758 no Systema Naturae<\/i><\/a>, est\u00e1vamos no meio do Si\u00e8cle de Lumi\u00e8res<\/a>, a maior revolu\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica ocorrida na hist\u00f3ria humana. Ci\u00eancia, arte e design eram integrados neste momento, em parte porque a pratica DOS TR\u00caS ao mesmo tempo era mais comum. Agora eles se tornaram separados, principalmente no que se remete a projeto urbano. E a natureza urbana sofre com isso. Como eles podem ser reintegrados para o bem dos espa\u00e7os urbanos, tanto como locais de natureza, tanto como assentamentos humanos?<\/p>\n

Vamos olhar para fora e ver o que a natureza nos ensina, ela nos mostrar\u00e1 o que funciona (e n\u00e3o funciona).<\/p>\n

Vamos aprender com isso para projetar melhor.<\/p>\n

Ent\u00e3o, como devemos ler a natureza, especialmente no contexto de reintegra\u00e7\u00e3o da ci\u00eancia com design? A natureza \u00e9 movimento, a natureza \u00e9 din\u00e2mica, portanto dever\u00edamos usar uma ferramenta din\u00e2mica para l\u00ea-la. Sou fascinado pela fotografia\u00a0Time Lapse<\/i>\u00a0(intervalo de tempo), um sequenciamento visual atrav\u00e9s de uma freq\u00fc\u00eancia fixa de fotos permitindo ver movimentos naturais, alterando nossa vis\u00e3o, nossa dimens\u00e3o da quarta dimens\u00e3o, o tempo. T\u00e9cnica que muitos tem chamado de realidade aumentada. Esta observa\u00e7\u00e3o din\u00e2mica inspirou esta proposta, com o movimento din\u00e2mico da dan\u00e7a das nuvens sugere diretamente para usar o espa\u00e7o a\u00e9reo da nossa cidade. \u00c9 importante assistir esse v\u00eddeo<\/a> de um minuto para entender o resto da proposta.<\/p>\n

Quatro dimens\u00f5es<\/strong><\/p>\n

Quando falamos sobre o espa\u00e7o geralmente usamos quatro par\u00e2metros de dimens\u00e3o. Em softwares ditos CAD, os eixos\u00a0X e Y s\u00e3o bastante semelhantes e definem o plano, atualmente s\u00e3o as dimens\u00f5es mais utilizadas no projeto e na representa\u00e7\u00e3o do nosso planeta, das nossas comunidades e dos nossos habitats. O eixo Z, a verticalidade \u00e9 o eixo da gravidade, \u00e9 um dos fatores que formou e continua esculpindo as formas de nossa esp\u00e9cie e do nosso ambiente, a maioria dos ciclos usam sua for\u00e7a para promover movimentos e mudan\u00e7as. O tempo \u00e9 a quarta dimens\u00e3o, o sistema dimensional das a\u00e7\u00f5es, intera\u00e7\u00f5es e resultados. Cada dimens\u00e3o deve ter a mesma import\u00e2ncia que os outros quando analisamos e planejamos espa\u00e7os e lugares.<\/p>\n

\"Picture
Desenho din\u00e2mico do ciclo da \u00e1gua entre a floresta e as nuvens. Cr\u00e9dito: Pierre-Andr\u00e9 Martin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

A luta por espa\u00e7o<\/strong><\/p>\n

A competi\u00e7\u00e3o por espa\u00e7o \u00e9 uma intera\u00e7\u00e3o ecol\u00f3gica entre as esp\u00e9cies no ambiente, que acontece desde que a vida existe. Hoje, o “melhor” concorrente para o espa\u00e7o \u00e9 a esp\u00e9cie humana com um enorme alastro territorial pela agricultura, desmatamento, reflorestamento, minera\u00e7\u00e3o, as cidades e suas infra-estruturas que geram n\u00e3o apenas mudan\u00e7as na cobertura da terra, mas tamb\u00e9m mudan\u00e7as qu\u00edmicas e t\u00e9rmicas dos nossos ambientes (Living Planet Report 2012<\/a>). Conseguimos dar o nosso nome para a pr\u00f3xima era geol\u00f3gica, o\u00a0Antropoceno<\/a>, o mundo \u00e9 nosso, e n\u00e3o \u00e9 no bom sentido do termo. A proposta elaborada para Humait\u00e1, o bairro das maitacas \u00e9 conceitualmente baseada no princ\u00edpio da igualdade de direitos. Igualdade de direitos entre as plantas, insetos, animais e seres humanos (Michael Marder. O momento \u00e9 prop\u00edcio para os direitos das plantas<\/a>). Direitos ao espa\u00e7o e a um local de exist\u00eancia est\u00e3o inclu\u00eddos nessa proposta e oferece o nutriente para a utopia de se conceber uma natureza para a cidade.<\/p>\n

\"Humait\u00e1,
Humait\u00e1, antes e depois da ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o humana. Cr\u00e9dito: P. Martin, baseado no Atlas da evolu\u00e7\u00e3o urbana da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Eduardo Canabrava Barreiros<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Pensando re-introduzir mais natureza ou mais locais para a natureza numa cidade onde n\u00e3o h\u00e1 sequer lugar para pessoas caminhar na rua \u00e9 muito dif\u00edcil se for pensar de maneira tradicional. As \u00e1reas potenciais est\u00e3o encolhendo rapidamente, j\u00e1 que a venda de \u00e1reas p\u00fablicas para o setor imobili\u00e1rio privado \u00e9 comum para a prefeitura e o estado do Rio de Janeiro. O bairro hoje \u00e9 uma mistura de casas antigas, algumas mans\u00f5es, \u00f3rg\u00e3os p\u00fablicos e edif\u00edcios de 7 a 20 andares surgindo por cima das outras categorias. Os dados oficiais da prefeitura<\/a> sobre o bairro confessam-nos surpreendentes n\u00fameros sobre vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o em parques p\u00fablicos (2001): 0,00%. Deve haver motivos burocr\u00e1ticos para explicar por que vivemos num bairro sem arvores nos parques p\u00fablicos, mas d\u00e1 o tom sobre o ambiente nas situa\u00e7\u00f5es de pequena escala na \u00e1rea urbanizada da cidade do Rio de Janeiro.<\/p>\n

\"Caldeir\u00e3o
Caldeir\u00e3o conceptual da proposta. Cr\u00e9dito: P. Martin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Sucess\u00f5es ecol\u00f3gicas de um ambiente cultural<\/strong><\/p>\n

A restaura\u00e7\u00e3o ecol\u00f3gica \u00e9 baseada em uma s\u00e9rie de conceitos, um deles \u00e9 a sucess\u00e3o ecol\u00f3gica, o processo pelo qual as esp\u00e9cies de um ecossistema mudam ao longo do tempo e os esfor\u00e7os de restaura\u00e7\u00e3o que podem ser exigidos para a cria\u00e7\u00e3o de condi\u00e7\u00f5es ambientais favor\u00e1veis para os processos de sucess\u00e3o natural. Mas o conceito desta proposta \u00e9 pensar em uma sucess\u00e3o CULTURAL, uma mudan\u00e7a na forma de imaginar a cidade. Nossas cidades hoje em dia n\u00e3o est\u00e3o t\u00e3o longe da vis\u00e3o do Fritz Lang em ‘Metropolis’ ou de Ridley Scott em ‘Blade Runner’ em termos de espa\u00e7os hiperantropizados. A fic\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica \u00e9 um excelente dispositivo filos\u00f3fico para discutir novas formas da natureza para o ambiente urbano. E vai permitir conservar habitats humanos nessa proposta aqui em Humait\u00e1 se realmente formos aplicar direitos iguais para o espa\u00e7o. Dessa maneira, poderemos ocupar um lugar que n\u00e3o existe hoje, pelo menos de forma s\u00f3lida.<\/p>\n

\"Nuvem
Nuvem de biodiversidade. P. Martin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Estruturas naturais: N\u00facleos e fluxos<\/strong><\/p>\n

A Biogeografia de Ilhas \u00e9 uma das principais teorias da ecologia da paisagem e \u00e9 uma ferramenta para o debate nos projetos de reservas e outras discuss\u00f5es sobre a conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e o projeto da natureza. A proposta aqui pretende promover uma obra de “fic\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica natural”, um projeto cultural, por isso nos afastaremos de alguns crit\u00e9rios de plausibilidade e quest\u00f5es de viabilidade t\u00e9cnica (puristas, por favor, me perdoem) e ser\u00e1 desenhada uma proposta ut\u00f3pica para a natureza do Humait\u00e1 pensando em n\u00facleos e fluxos como estrutura de design numa forma literal. A id\u00e9ia de criar ilhas de biodiversidade em meio urbano n\u00e3o \u00e9 nova, Gilles Cl\u00e9ment, tem executado uma na sua\u00a0\u00eele Derborence<\/i><\/a>\u00a0no Parc Matisse, em Lille na Fran\u00e7a, criando um n\u00facleo intoc\u00e1vel de natureza no meio de um planejamento urbano, 3.500 metros quadrado de estratos mistos de vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o nativa situados 7 metros acima do n\u00edvel de uso comum. Esse projeto \u00e9 uma refer\u00eancia direta a uma das poucas florestas prim\u00e1rias da Europa localizada no Valais (Su\u00ed\u00e7a). A id\u00e9ia principal da proposta para o Humait\u00e1 \u00e9 de criar uma nova camada acima da cidade em seu espa\u00e7o a\u00e9reo, com diferentes tipos de conex\u00f5es para pessoas aventureiras ou n\u00e3o, fauna, flora, sendo que essas conex\u00f5es podem ser separadas ou n\u00e3o. A legisla\u00e7\u00e3o urbana do Rio considera que acima de 60m a ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 reduzida e, acima de 100m mais ainda, a proposta ir\u00e1 ocupar esses espa\u00e7os a\u00e9reos.<\/p>\n

Entre nuvens e rios<\/strong><\/p>\n

A \u00e1gua \u00e9 um componente fascinante na din\u00e2mica da natureza e \u00e9 vital para todas as formas de vida. A observa\u00e7\u00e3o por meio de\u00a0Time Lapse<\/i>\u00a0da floresta criando nuvens e recebendo chuva nos mostra uma beleza natural que voc\u00ea n\u00e3o consegue ver andando no meio de uma rua inundada e polu\u00edda na hora do rush. A chuva \u00e9 maravilhosa e a cidade transforma esse evento vital num transtorno de grandes propor\u00e7\u00f5es. Como todas as formas de vida fazemos parte do ciclo da \u00e1gua, mas agora estamos nos mesmo propiciando os principais impactos negativos em variadas escalas sobre ambiente do nosso planeta azul. Ser\u00e1 que separar parte do ciclo da \u00e1gua dos ambientes urbanos seria mais seguro para a vitalidade dos nossos corpos h\u00eddricos? Com \u200b\u200bcerteza \u00e9 uma id\u00e9ia pol\u00eamica, mas pensando que conseguimos mudar a qu\u00edmica da maior parte da \u00e1gua na superf\u00edcie da Terra n\u00e3o \u00e9 t\u00e3o pol\u00eamico numa vis\u00e3o de igualdade de direitos para as diferentes formas de vida. Utilizando a gravidade pode se fazer a \u00e1gua passar pelos jardins suspensos e porque n\u00e3o pensar em zonas \u00famidas suspensas para estoque e filtra\u00e7\u00e3o criando habitats para a avifauna no meio do\u00a0c\u00e9u?<\/p>\n

\"Ciclo
Ciclo da \u00e1gua da floresta aos rios, deslocado do sistema humano. P. Martin.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Escala social, ecologia e din\u00e2micas<\/strong><\/p>\n

Na minha opini\u00e3o, as escalas positivas da esp\u00e9cie humana s\u00e3o a escala individual e a escala comunit\u00e1ria. As cidades, de certa maneira, alteraram a escala de nossas comunidades para a escala da paisagem, a escala regional e macro escala. Se olhar para o nosso bairro e os tecidos sociais usando metodologias de ecologia da paisagem poder\u00e1 se encontrar fragmenta\u00e7\u00f5es, efeitos de borda e outros fen\u00f4menos t\u00edpicos da ecologia. O Pensamento Ecol\u00f3gico pode ser uma nova abordagem hol\u00edstica em todas as disciplinas, e n\u00e3o apenas para a biologia e as ci\u00eancias da terra.<\/p>\n

Quando voc\u00ea vive no Rio de Janeiro, se deslocar \u00e9 um problema cotidiano, a cidade cresceu verticalmente, mas as ruas n\u00e3o ficaram maiores. E a \u00faltima id\u00e9ia brilhante do governo \u00e9 de promover o transporte motorizado individual: o carro, piorando o cen\u00e1rio urbano a curto e longo prazo. Assim como o transporte \u00e9 uma rela\u00e7\u00e3o e um fluxo, a proposta cria caminhos suspensos e tirolesas entre os morros para conectar edif\u00edcios, espa\u00e7os p\u00fablicos, equipamentos p\u00fablicos, escolas, favelas e \u00e1reas naturais. Pensando o sistema das nuvens de biodiversidade como um lugar, n\u00e3o s\u00f3 para a natureza, mas tamb\u00e9m para o uso humano.<\/p>\n

\"Fluxos
Fluxos humanos lentos e r\u00e1pidos usando o sistema natural suspenso em cima da cidade. P. Martin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Utopia e considera\u00e7\u00f5es sobre realidade<\/strong><\/p>\n

Eu espero que esta proposta ir\u00e1 gerar debates e instigar outras utopias. Com certeza h\u00e1 algumas considera\u00e7\u00f5es sobre a integridade desses ecossistemas suspensos, entre outras quest\u00f5es. A proposta se insere num pensamento p\u00f3s-ecossistemas antropizados, criando novas comunidades em torno de novos relacionamentos, um tipo de novela urbano-natural.<\/p>\n

Todo mundo deve estar preocupado com a id\u00e9ia de que uma arvore caia em cima de sua cabe\u00e7a, mas como j\u00e1 jogaram um monte de concreto em cima de brejos, rios e florestas \u00e9 uma l\u00f3gica de lei do Tali\u00e3o, \u201colho por olho\u201d. Por obvias raz\u00f5es de seguran\u00e7a n\u00e3o tentem fazer isso em casa, ou pelo menos pedem a ajuda de um especialista motivado, mas por favor n\u00e3o deixe de sonhar novas formas de natureza para as nossas cidades.<\/p>\n

Pierre-Andr\u00e9 Martin
\n<\/strong>Rio de Janeiro<\/p>\n

<\/a>***<\/p>\n

Urbanisme Prospectif – Science et Fiction pour imaginer une nouvelle Nature en Ville<\/b>
\n<\/b><\/h1>\n

Concevoir la nature est une t\u00e2che difficile dans un environnement urbain. Par exemple, comment un individu \u00e2g\u00e9 de 38 ans (moi-m\u00eame) peut \u00e9diter un syst\u00e8me vieux de 3,8 milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es (la Nature)? C\u2019est un bon test pour la confiance cr\u00e9ative, c\u2019est presque une arrogance \u00e0 la rigueur.<\/p>\n

Je me souviens encore de mes combats avec la page blanche quand je commen\u00e7ais \u00e0 \u00e9tudier le paysage, vingt ans plus tard, il n’y a plus de page blanche. Au lieu de cela, je suis d\u00e9fi\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re permanente par un monde constitu\u00e9 de millions d’individus et de milliards d’interactions, un bord sans fin entre notre savoir et les capacit\u00e9s r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratives de la Nature.<\/p>\n

\u00c9chelles de temps, nature et culture<\/strong><\/p>\n

La biodiversit\u00e9 est le patrimoine majeur qu’un territoire puisse offrir \u00e0 une communaut\u00e9 humaine et la plupart de nos villes ignorent cette biodiversit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Pourquoi avons-nous cr\u00e9\u00e9 les villes de cette fa\u00e7on?<\/p>\n

Quels \u00e9taient les r\u00eaves de la g\u00e9n\u00e9ration qui a projet\u00e9 nos villes de cette fa\u00e7on?<\/p>\n

Quelle ville voulons-nous?<\/p>\n

Quel genre de ville pouvons-nous vivre aujourd’hui?<\/p>\n

Quel genre de ville pouvons-nous r\u00eaver?<\/p>\n

Ce sont beaucoup de questions! Et en nos temps jonch\u00e9s de certitudes nous avons peut-\u00eatre davantage besoin de questions que de r\u00e9ponses? J’ai l’habitude de travailler avec des solutions techniques et esth\u00e9tiques pour am\u00e9liorer les performances sociales et \u00e9cologiques des territoires et des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes, mais je pense que le changement culturel d\u2019une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 peut avoir un impact plus large et plus rapide que la transformation positive de l’utilisation ou de la couverture des sols. Nous avons peut-\u00eatre besoin de changer notre culture de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 changer la fa\u00e7on dont nous d\u00e9veloppons et conservons notre terre et ses villes. Ce blog est destin\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00eatre une provocation, une conception utopique pour promouvoir un d\u00e9bat sur la place de la nature dans les villes. J’ai l’habitude de dire que lorsque vous demandez quelque chose pour la nature, il faut en demander deux fois plus, puisque notre soci\u00e9t\u00e9 est une f\u00e9roce n\u00e9gociatrice. La proposition vise \u00e0 cr\u00e9er de nouvelles et audacieuses couches sur la ville, en construisant des noyaux a\u00e9riens de biodiversit\u00e9 et de les relier entre eux pour cr\u00e9er de nouveaux usages de l’espace a\u00e9rien, ce qui aujourd\u2019hui est r\u00e9ellement l’espace subsistant pour la nature au sein de la ville construite de Rio, quelque chose qui vole haut (dans tous les sens du terme).<\/p>\n

Pas d’\u00e9criture, mais de la lecture<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dans ce court essai, je vais essayer de donner une r\u00e9ponse personnelle et non d\u00e9finitive \u00e0 quelques-unes des questions ci-dessus. Alors, tout d’abord, je vais faire \u00ab\u00a0mais do mesmo<\/i>\u00a0\u00bb, une expression Br\u00e9silienne qui signifie que vous ne faites pas quelque chose de nouveau. C’est la fa\u00e7on dont fonctionne la nature: en faisant la m\u00eame chose, sauf qu\u2019en mieux, toujours un peu mieux.<\/p>\n

Je vais garder l’id\u00e9e de faire quelque chose de local (article ant\u00e9rieur<\/a>), encore plus local, en fait. Je vais me pencher \u00e0 la fen\u00eatre de ma chambre, et \u00a0juste regarder. Lisons le paysage, cela semble \u00eatre une bonne occupation.<\/p>\n

\"Courbes
Courbes de la for\u00eat de Tijuca en arri\u00e8re-plan et du quartier de Humait\u00e1 en fond de vall\u00e9e. Photo: \u00a9 P. Martin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

C\u2019est une Nature publique. Il s’agit de la partie la plus orientale du parc national de Tijuca<\/a>, et c\u2019est en fait plus que public: c’est un patrimoine culturel mondial<\/a>. C’est la premi\u00e8re fois qu’un paysage urbain a \u00e9t\u00e9 class\u00e9 dans cette liste et je le comprends comme un appel \u00e0 une plus grande protection et conservation de ce paysage pittoresque de for\u00eat Atlantique, de collines granitiques … et d\u2019accumulation de b\u00e9ton occupant la plus grande partie des plaines c\u00f4ti\u00e8res.<\/p>\n

Personnellement, j’ai des doutes si Dieu est br\u00e9silien comme beaucoup le disent, mais je suis s\u00fbr que la biodiversit\u00e9 est br\u00e9silienne. Elle vit ici et ce pays est son temple, il ya des preuves de cela et peuvent \u00eatre trouv\u00e9s dans les indices de biodiversit\u00e9 des biomes Br\u00e9siliens et de ses esp\u00e8ces, faisant du Br\u00e9sil non seulement un champion du monde de football, mais surtout champion du monde de la biodiversit\u00e9, un patrimoine un peu plus utile.<\/p>\n

Le quartier que nous observons dans l’image ci-dessus est appel\u00e9 Humait\u00e1. Selon l\u2019\u00e9tymologiste Machado, le sens est d\u00e9riv\u00e9 du Tupi “mbait\u00e1”, qui signifie petit perroquet. Aujourd’hui, nous pla\u00e7ons cet oiseau, plus petit qu’un perroquet, dans la famille des psittacid\u00e9s, et son nom commun est \u2018maitaca\u2019 ou \u2018maritaca\u2019. Vous pouvez voir des photos de cette esp\u00e8ce et connaitre son chant typique ici<\/a>. Ils ont l\u2019habitude de voler \u00e0 travers la ville en d\u00e9but et fin de \u00a0journ\u00e9e, en petits groupes, ce qui fait de leur vol un son typique de la ville. Ainsi le nom du quartier Humait\u00e1 signifie le lieu des maitacas. Une bien belle toponymie dont peu de gens connaissent l\u2019origine.<\/p>\n

\"Aratinga
Aratinga leucophthalma (Statius Muller, 1776). \u00a9 Dario Sanches<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Est-ce que la lecture est un inventaire?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lorsque Carolus Linnaeus \u00e9tiquette et \u00ab\u00a0taxonomise\u00a0\u00bb notre esp\u00e8ce comme Homo sapiens<\/i> en 1758 dans son ouvrage Systema Naturae<\/i>, nous \u00e9tions au milieu du Si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res, la plus grande r\u00e9volution scientifique de l’histoire de l’humanit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9poque la Science, l’Art et le design \u00e9t\u00e9 int\u00e9gr\u00e9s, en partie parce qu’il \u00e9tait plus fr\u00e9quent pour les personnes qui les pratiquaient de les pratiquer ensemble. Aujourd\u2019hui, ils sont s\u00e9par\u00e9s et c\u2019est un des points faibles majeur du projet de Ville, ce qui fait que la nature en milieu urbain est souvent malmen\u00e9e \u00e0 cause de cela. Comment ces domaines th\u00e9oriques peuvent-ils \u00eatre r\u00e9int\u00e9gr\u00e9s pour le bien de l’espace urbain, \u00e0 la fois comme lieu de Nature et lieu d\u2019Humanit\u00e9?<\/p>\n

Regardons vers l’ext\u00e9rieur et voyons ce que la nature nous enseigne, elle nous montre d\u00e9j\u00e0 ce qui fonctionne (et ne fonctionne pas). Apprenons avec elle \u00e0 mieux concevoir.<\/p>\n

Alors, comment devrions-nous lire la nature, en particulier dans le contexte de la r\u00e9insertion des sciences dans la conception? La nature est mouvement, la nature est dynamique, il serait int\u00e9ressant d\u2019utiliser un outil dynamique pour la lire. Je suis fascin\u00e9 par la photographie time lapse<\/i>, un s\u00e9quen\u00e7age visuel \u00e0 un taux fixe qui permet de voir les mouvements naturels en changeant notre vision, notre dimension de la quatri\u00e8me dimension, le temps. Cet outil est la base de l\u2019inspiration via le mouvement dynamique de cette danse a\u00e9rienne des nuages qui sugg\u00e8re ici directement l\u2019usage de l’espace a\u00e9rien de cette ville tropicale si humide. Il est important de regarder cette vid\u00e9o<\/a> d’environ une minute afin de mieux comprendre l\u2019origine de la proposition.<\/p>\n

Penser en quatre dimensions<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lorsque nous parlons de l’espace nous utilisons couramment quatre param\u00e8tres de dimensions. Dans un logiciel de CAO, les axes X et Y sont assez semblables et d\u00e9finisse la plan\u00e9it\u00e9, ce sont les dimensions les plus utilis\u00e9es dans la conception et la repr\u00e9sentation de notre plan\u00e8te, de nos communaut\u00e9s et de nos habitats. Z, l’axe vertical est l’axe de la gravit\u00e9, il est l’un des facteurs qui ont fa\u00e7onn\u00e9 et continue de fa\u00e7onner les formes de notre esp\u00e8ce et de l’environnement, la plupart des cycles utilisent sa force pour favoriser les mouvements et les changements. Le temps est la quatri\u00e8me dimension, le syst\u00e8me dimensionnel des actions, des interactions et des r\u00e9sultats. Chaque dimension doit avoir la m\u00eame importance que les autres lors de l’analyse et de la planification des espaces et des lieux.<\/p>\n

\"Dynamique
Dynamique du cycle de l\u2019eau, de la for\u00eat aux nuages. Pierre-Andr\u00e9 Martin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

La lutte pour l’espace<\/strong><\/p>\n

La comp\u00e9tition spatiale est une interaction \u00e9cologique entre les esp\u00e8ces dans l’environnement depuis que la vie existe. Aujourd’hui, le “meilleur” comp\u00e9titeur pour l’espace est l’esp\u00e8ce humaine, avec une expansion territoriale consid\u00e9rable via l’agriculture, la d\u00e9forestation, le reboisement, l’exploitation mini\u00e8re, les villes et leurs infrastructures, qui g\u00e9n\u00e8rent beaucoup d\u2019impacts non seulement sur la couverture terrestre, mais provoque aussi le changement chimique et thermique de nos environnements (Rapport Plan\u00e8te Vivante 2012<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Nous avons r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 donner notre nom \u00e0 la prochaine \u00e8re g\u00e9ologique, l’anthropoc\u00e8ne. Le monde est \u00e0 nous, dans le mauvais sens du terme. La proposition \u00e9labor\u00e9e pour Humait\u00e1, le quartier des \u2018maitacas\u2019 est conceptuellement bas\u00e9 sur le principe de l’\u00e9galit\u00e9 des droits: des droits \u00e9gaux pour les plantes, les insectes, les animaux et les humains (Michael Marder. Le moment est opportun pour les droits des plantes<\/a>). Droits \u00e0 l’espace et \u00e0 l\u2019existence sont inclus dans la proposition et offrent l\u2019engrais essentiel pour l\u2019utopie de la conception d’une nature dans la ville.<\/p>\n

\"Humait\u00e1,
Humait\u00e1, avant et apr\u00e8s l’occupation humaine. Cr\u00e9dit: P. Martin \u00e0 partir de l’Atlas da cidade Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o urbana da do Rio de Janeiro, Eduardo Barreiros Canabrava<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Penser \u00e0 plus de nature ou plus de lieux pour la nature dans une ville o\u00f9 il n’y a pas m\u00eame d\u2019endroits pour que les gens marchent dans la rue est tr\u00e8s difficile. Les espaces potentiels se r\u00e9duisent rapidement vu que la vente d\u2019espaces publics au secteur immobilier est de plus en plus commune \u00e0 Rio. Le quartier est aujourd\u2019hui un m\u00e9lange de vieilles villas, de maisons anciennes ou d\u2019hotels particuliers et de nouveaux b\u00e2timents\u00a0 r\u00e9sidentiels de 7 \u00e0 20 \u00e9tages qui surgissent sur les autres cat\u00e9gories.<\/p>\n

Le site officiel des donn\u00e9es urbaines de la Mairie<\/a> r\u00e9v\u00e8le pour le quartier un nombre \u00e9tonnant pour la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation dans les parcs publics (2001): 0%. Il doit y avoir une explication bureaucratique pour avoir aucun arbre dans les parcs publics de la ville, mais cela donne le ton des espaces urbains \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur de la zone construite de la ville de Rio de Janeiro.<\/p>\n

\"Pot-pourri
Pot-pourri conceptuel de la proposition. P. Martin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Successions \u00e9cologiques d\u2019un environnement culturel<\/strong><\/p>\n

La restauration \u00e9cologique est bas\u00e9e sur un ensemble de concepts, l’un d’entre eux est la succession \u00e9cologique, le processus par lequel les esp\u00e8ces d’un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me changent au fil du temps ainsi que les efforts de restauration pouvant \u00eatre n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation des conditions environnementales naturelles pour les processus de succession \u00e0 favoriser. Mais le concept de cet essai est de penser \u00e0 une succession culturelle \u00e9cologique, une autre mani\u00e8re d’imaginer la ville. Notre ville aujourd’hui n’est pas si loin de la vision de “Metropolis” \u00a0de Fritz Lang ou de “Blade Runner” de Ridley Scott en mati\u00e8re d’espaces superanthropis\u00e9s. La science-fiction est un excellent outil philosophique pour discuter de nouvelles formes de nature pour notre environnement urbain. Et il peut sauver de nombreux habitats humains dans Humait\u00e1 si l’on pense vraiment \u00e0 appliquer l’\u00e9galit\u00e9 des droits pour l’espace.<\/p>\n

\"Nuage
Nuage de biodiversit\u00e9 suspendu dans le ciel du quartier d\u2019Humait\u00e1. Cr\u00e9dit: P. Martin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Structures naturelles: noyaux et flux<\/strong><\/p>\n

La biog\u00e9ographie insulaire est l’une des principales th\u00e9ories de l’\u00e9cologie du paysage et est un outil de d\u00e9bat dans la conception de r\u00e9serves naturelles et autres discussions sur protection de la nature et de sa conception. Ici, j’ai l’intention de promouvoir \u00abla science-fiction naturelle”, avec donc des \u00e9carts par rapport \u00e0 la plausibilit\u00e9 \u00e0 la faisabilit\u00e9 des “d\u00e9tails” techniques (que les puristes me pardonnent), et la formulation d\u2019une proposition utopique de la nature dans le quartier Humait\u00e1, en pensant aux noyaux et aux flux en tant que charpente litt\u00e9rale de conception.<\/p>\n

L’id\u00e9e de cr\u00e9er une biodiversit\u00e9 insulaire radicale en ville n’est pas nouvelle, Gilles Cl\u00e9ment l\u2019a fait dans son \u00eele Derborence au Parc Matisse, \u00e0 Lille, en cr\u00e9ant un espace inaccessible de nature au milieu d’un plan urbanisme: 3.500,00 m\u00e8tres carr\u00e9s de v\u00e9g\u00e9tation native en strates mixtes, \u00e0 7 m\u00e8tres de hauteur du niveau d\u2019usage commun. Le projet est une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence directe \u00e0 l’une des rares for\u00eats primaires en Europe situ\u00e9 dans le Valais (Suisse).<\/p>\n

L’id\u00e9e principale de la proposition pour Humait\u00e1 est de cr\u00e9er une nouvelle couche au-dessus de la ville dans l\u2019espace a\u00e9rien, avec diff\u00e9rents types de connexions pour la faune, la flore et les aventureux.<\/p>\n

Entre nuages \u200b\u200bet rivi\u00e8res<\/strong><\/p>\n

L’eau est un composant fascinant de la dynamique naturelle et elle est vitale pour toutes les formes de vie. L\u2019observation via Time Lapse de la for\u00eat cr\u00e9ant des nuages \u200b\u200b nous montre une beaut\u00e9 naturelle que vous ne pouvez plus voir quand nous marchons au milieu d\u2019une rue inond\u00e9e et pollu\u00e9e en\u00a0 pleine heure de pointe. Comme toute forme de vie, nous faisons partie du cycle hydrologique, mais maintenant des impacts n\u00e9gatifs majeurs sont pr\u00e9sents \u00e0 diff\u00e9rentes \u00e9chelles de l’environnement de l’eau et de notre plan\u00e8te bleue. S\u00e9parer les cycles de l\u2019eau de l\u2019action humaine serait plus prudent pour notre patrimoine hydrologique? C\u2019est une id\u00e9e pol\u00e9mique, mais \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que nous avons r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 changer la composition chimique de l’eau sur la surface de la terre, ce n’est pas si radicale. En utilisant la gravit\u00e9, il serait possible de faire passer l’eau \u00e0 travers jardins et zones humides suspendus, filtrant et stockant l\u2019eau et cr\u00e9ant des habitats pour l’avifaune.<\/p>\n

\"Cycle
Cycle de l\u2019eau, de la for\u00eat aux rivi\u00e8res, deconnect\u00e9 du syst\u00e8me humain. P. Martin.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00c9chelle sociale, \u00e9cologie et dynamiques<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c0 mon avis, les \u00e9chelles positives pour l\u2019\u00e9tablissement et la saine p\u00e9rr\u00e9nit\u00e9 de l’esp\u00e8ce humaine sont celles de l’individu et de la communaut\u00e9. Les villes d\u2019une certaine mani\u00e8re ont chang\u00e9 l’\u00e9chelle de nos communaut\u00e9s \u00e0 l’\u00e9chelle du paysage, \u00e0 l’\u00e9chelle r\u00e9gionale et \u00e0 l’\u00e9chelle macro. Si nous regardons notre quartier et les tissus sociaux de celui-ci \u00e0 travers des m\u00e9thodologies d\u2019\u00e9cologie du paysage nous pourrions y trouver des fragmentations, des effets de bord et bien d\u2019autres ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes \u00e9cologiques. La pens\u00e9e \u00e9cologique, au sens scientifique de l\u2019\u00e9cologie du paysage, peut-\u00eatre la nouvelle approche holistique dans toutes les disciplines, et non seulement en biologie et sciences de la terre.<\/p>\n

Quand vous vivez \u00e0 Rio de Janeiro, se d\u00e9placer d’un endroit \u00e0 un autre est un sujet de soucis, la ville a augment\u00e9, mais les rues ne se sont pas \u00e9largies. La derni\u00e8re id\u00e9e g\u00e9niale du gouvernement br\u00e9silien f\u00fbt de promouvoir le transport motoris\u00e9 individuel: la voiture. Comme le transport est \u00e0 la fois une relation et un flux, le projet cr\u00e9e des voies suspendues et des tyroliennes entre les collines pour relier les b\u00e2timents, les espaces publics, \u00e9quipements, \u00e9coles, favelas et zones naturelles. Permettant de cr\u00e9er un environnement plus riche et efficient non seulement pour la nature, mais aussi pour les humains.<\/p>\n

\"Flux<\/a>
Flux humains lents et rapides dans une nature suspendu au dessus de la ville. Cr\u00e9dit: P. Martin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Utopie et consid\u00e9rations sur la r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n

J’esp\u00e8re que cette proposition g\u00e9n\u00e9rera des d\u00e9bats et suscitera l\u2019envie d\u2019autres utopies. Bien s\u00fbr de nombreux points n’ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 profond\u00e9ment d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s et il ya quelques consid\u00e9rations sur l’int\u00e9grit\u00e9 des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes, mais cette proposition se veut provocante et novatrice autour de l\u2019id\u00e9e de la cr\u00e9ation de nouvelles communaut\u00e9s autour de nouvelles relations.<\/p>\n

Tout le monde peut \u00eatre pr\u00e9occup\u00e9 que des plantes nous tombe sur la t\u00eate, mais comme nous avons d\u00e9j\u00e0 jet\u00e9 beaucoup de b\u00e9ton sur les marais, rivi\u00e8res et for\u00eats, ce ne serait que le d\u00e9but de la facture dans la dure logique de la loi du talion, un oeil pour un oeil. Par mesure de s\u00e9curit\u00e9, ne tentez pas de faire \u00e0 la maison sans l’aide d’un sp\u00e9cialiste motiv\u00e9, mais s’il vous pla\u00eet r\u00eavez de nouvelles formes de nature pour nos villes.<\/p>\n

Pierre-Andr\u00e9 Martin
\n<\/strong>Rio de Janeiro
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\n

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 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A vers\u00e3o em Portugu\u00eas segue imediatamente. Une version en fran\u00e7ais appara\u00eet imm\u00e9diatement apr\u00e8s la version portugaise. Designing nature is a challenging task in an urban environment. For example, how can a 38 years old individual (myself) safely edit a 3.8 billion years old system (Nature)? It is quite a test for creative confidence. An arrogance, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":6891,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[273,299],"tags":[40,44,401,28,34,27,29],"coauthors":[121],"class_list":["post-2681","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-essay","category-essay-place-and-design","tag-architecture","tag-art","tag-biodiversity","tag-design","tag-experiencing-nature","tag-south-america","tag-what-is-urban-nature"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2681","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2681"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2681\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6891"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2681"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2681"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2681"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=2681"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}