{"id":308,"date":"2012-07-10T00:01:49","date_gmt":"2012-07-10T04:01:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/?p=308"},"modified":"2016-11-16T00:56:19","modified_gmt":"2016-11-16T05:56:19","slug":"green-corridors-in-rio","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/2012\/07\/10\/green-corridors-in-rio\/","title":{"rendered":"Connecting the Wonderful Landscapes of Rio de Janeiro"},"content":{"rendered":"

(Nota: A vers\u00e3o em Portugu\u00eas segue imediatamente.)<\/em>
\nThe tropical urban landscapes of Rio de Janeiro, a city of 6.3 million inhabitants, are really impressive and unique. It is the outcome of five centuries of nature-human interaction. Last week UNESCO elected part of the city as a World Cultural Heritage.<\/p>\n

It is quite meaningful that most of the selected images show the high biodiversity Atlantic Rainforest that have regenerated after centuries of natural resources exploitation and agricultural practices that had eliminated most of the native land cover (http:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1100\/<\/a> viewed 07.05.2012). Actually the forests are fragmented, surrounded by dense urban occupation, and under pressure of further expansion repeating the same mistakes made in the past. The urbanized areas occupy mainly the lowlands, where ocean lagoons and wetlands were land filled with the devastation of several hills. One of the elected sites, the Flamengo<\/em> Park<\/em>, is a huge 1.2 km\u00b2 created land, where the world renowned landscape designer Roberto Burle Marx<\/a> was responsible for the magnificent gardens.<\/p>\n

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View from the Tijuca National Park, Christ the Redeemer (left) and Sugar Loaf (far center): reforested hills and the city. Photo by Cecilia Herzog.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In the Tijuca massif, where the famous Christ the Redeemer oversees the city, coffee plantations replaced forests and then were abandoned leaving a grassy and dry landscape until the XIX Century, when their slopes were partially replanted to restore the water sources. Nature took care of the rest, with the regeneration of vast areas of the two major massifs: Tijuca and Pedra Branca. Both are protected areas today. Tijuca National Park is one of the UNESCO elected sites. In the last 25 years a successful city reforestation program called \u201cMutir\u00e3o Reflorestamento\u201d (“common effort to restore forests”) has effectively replanted trees on slopes to prevent landslides, mainly close to the favelas<\/em>. It is a social-ecological program because local people are hired and trained to work in the planting and monitoring process, becoming stewards of the forest.<\/p>\n

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View from the favela (slum) Santa Marta, with formal city in the lower areas. Christ the Redeemer in the right side. The city has high contrasts of forests and dense urbanized areas. Photo by Cecilia Herzog.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Green Yields to Grey<\/strong><\/p>\n

Although nature is present in our scenic views, the urbanized areas are heavily impervious and gray, especially in the Northern zones with almost no remaining green areas, not even public squares. The city has diverse environments, with pleasant forests and nice parks contrasting with arid, hot and noisy streets where the majority of the population lives. Most of the time the city is fairly hot. For instance, today is winter and the temperature is 29\u00b0C (84.2\u00b0F) at mid-day. I live very close to the forest, where it is quite pleasant with many trees, birds and insects. Native and invasive species are present, and should be permanently managed. Biodiversity abounds even close to the ecosystem remnants. In fact, if we let the windows open in the morning, monkeys (Cebus apella<\/em>) come inside our apartment. Many residents feed them, consequently they keep coming back after easy junk food. Meanwhile, if I walk down one block, the traffic jam is constant, the temperature is much higher, and the street trees are old, under severe pressure in unsuitable situations, and many are dying and not being replaced.<\/p>\n

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Monkey in our balcony, with an onion. Photo by Alex Herzog.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

People value the forested hills and the beaches mainly for recreation, biking, walking, hiking or just contemplating. I am not sure how they acknowledge and value the ecosystems services the forests and the urban trees provide. There is a great opportunity for further research about urban ecology and urban\/regional landscape planning in Brazil, but there still isn\u2019t formal education in these fields. Urban biodiversity and human-nature relations are not current issues in the majority of the Brazilian cities either, where in the last 20 years shopping malls and manicured gardens of gated communities are replacing open public spaces as recreation areas.<\/p>\n

Urban Nature is not a Rio de Janeiro Decision-maker’s Priority<\/strong><\/p>\n

The decision makers in Rio de Janeiro do not make urban nature a priority. There is a lack of real comprehension of the role of biodiversity for a healthy city. The urbanized areas are subject to frequent floods and landslides because of the historic change in land use and vegetation cover. The World Cup and Olympic games that will take place here in the coming years drive a fast urban expansion that follows the same land cover pattern transformation in the remaining lowlands located in the western zone, in the Jacarepagu\u00e1 <\/em>and Guaratiba<\/em> watersheds. Wetlands are being filled to create land for new expressways (cars and BRT\u2019s) and by the real estate speculative process. The last legally protected mangrove remnant is under threat of excessive salinization because a new highway was built with traditional engineering techniques that interfere with the hydrologic flows, block the fresh water in the residential side, and, according to residents, cause more severe and recurrent floods. Other roads are under construction with no care for the landscape ecological processes and flows, eliminating biodiversity and changing water flows.<\/p>\n

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Aerial view of Jacarepagu\u00e1 lowlands: Modernist urbanization based on car transportation, gated communities and shopping malls. Parks along the riparian corridors designed by Fernando Chacel. There is an opportunity for the Green Corridors plan to protect and enhance nature-human interaction for more sustainable and resilient urban landscapes. Photo: courtesy of Carvalho Hosken S.A.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Planning for Green Corridors<\/strong><\/p>\n

On the other hand, the City’s Environmental Department is working on a new Green Corridors plan to reconnect fragmented forested patches and to try to contain irreversible ecological damages in the urban expansion areas. Celso Junius, the head of the Mosaico Carioca<\/em>, together with 20 specialists from 8 city departments constituted the working group that developed the initial proposition for the Green Corridors (available at http:\/\/mosaico-carioca.blogspot.com.br\/search?updated-max=2012-05-23T22:41:00-03:00&max-results=3<\/a>). The Environmental Department has done a great job of mapping all the Atlantic Rainforest ecosystems fragments and making it available on line ( http:\/\/sigfloresta.rio.rj.gov.br\/<\/a> viewed 07.05.2012). \u201cSigfloresta\u201d mapping is an important tool to effectively monitor the land cover in real time and is being used to develop the Green Corridors plan.<\/p>\n

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Green Corridors proposal connecting Tijuca, Pedra Branca and Gericin\u00f3 massifs. City Zones: (1) Central; (2) South; (3) North; (4) Jacarepagu\u00e1 watershed \u2013 Olympic Green Corridor; (5) Guaratiba watershed; (6) West. Most of the UNESCO Cultural Heritage Landscape is in zone 2, except the Tijuca National Park that separates the city. The Jacaperagu\u00e1 watershed is delimited in red. Image adapted from Mosaico Carioca – Corredores Verdes \u2013 SMAC-RJ.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Design that Mimics Nature in the City
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

INVERDE<\/a> is collaborating, on a voluntary basis, to further develop the green infrastructure plan, focusing first on the Jacarepagu\u00e1<\/em> watershed, where the construction of many of the Olympic venues is driving urban expansion with high impact on the ecological landscape. The watershed is vulnerable to sea level rise, with most of its area no more than 1 meter\u00a0 above sea level. The wetlands and the low areas are being landfilled and rivers are being rectified and channelized.<\/p>\n

Pierre Martin<\/a>, a French landscape architect (partner of Embya <\/em>studio located in Rio<\/a>), and I are committed to helping improve the final report for the \u201cOlympic Green Corridors\u201d, which will link fragments of Tijuca and Pedra Branca massifs through the Jacarepagu\u00e1 lowlands.\u00a0 The objective is to deepen and illustrate the proposals at the watershed and the site scale for a better understanding of the huge opportunities there are to shift to a new paradigm of social-ecological multifunctional and high performance urban landscape planning and design that mimics nature in the city.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Illustration of the urban green infrastructure new paradigm to reconcile multiple functions: road, clean mobility, pedestrians and bicycles, biodiversity and water. Illustration by Embya Studio, Rio de Janeiro.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

We also believe that education and raising public awareness is vital to gain support for the proposition. We coordinated and recorded an open lecture at INVERDE<\/a> in May 2012, which will be available on Youtube soon. We also co-organized a seminar with the City Environmental Department and the Botanic Garden Research Institute during the Rio+20 congress. It was an official event that focused on specialists and scientists working together to enhance the plan with a scientific foundation.We are all committed to taking this plan further on a continuous basis, with more research on urban ecology to better understand the abiotic and biotic processes and flows, as well as social-ecological relationships.The idea is not to greenwash the urban expansion, but to shift to a new transdisciplinary planning process and to design methods that incorporate science-based social-ecological knowledge.<\/p>\n

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City flood prone areas. Source: Gusm\u00e3o, P.P. et al., Rio Pr\u00f3ximos 100 anos, 2008.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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River being canalized, a new road will be built where once there were the riparian corridors: monofunctional hard engineering to drain water, in Jacarepagu\u00e1 lowlands. Photo by Gisela Santana.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Fernando Chacel<\/strong><\/p>\n

There are already local examples of ecological restorations that were designed by Fernando Chacel, a pioneer landscape architect with a systemic vision. He planned and designed state-of-the-art parks along the lagoons of Jacarepagu\u00e1, the urban expansion lowlands where Rio+20 took place. He started the designed restoration of the lagoons riparian corridors in 1980\u2019s until he fell sick in 2009 (unfortunately he passed away last year). He recomposed degraded landscapes, beautifully reintroducing native ecosystems and respecting the phytosociology. He worked with a multidisciplinary team.<\/p>\n

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Landfill in Jacarepagu\u00e1 lowlands. Photo by Celso Junius.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

His legacy must be known, and therefore serve as inspiration to new professionals: he developed the \u201cecogenesis\u201d theory, where he learned from nature to restore degraded mangrove, sandbank and wet forests. His book Landscape Architecture and Ecogenesis <\/a>should be available in all Brazilian schools (it is in Portuguese and English).<\/p>\n

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Fernando Chacel ecogenesis concept: park design with mangrove and sandbank ecosystems, at Peninsula in the Jacarepagu\u00e1 lowlands. Photo by Cecilia Herzog.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Rio de Janeiro’s Green Potential<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rio de Janeiro has an enormous potential to be one of the greenest cities in the world, not only in GHG emissions mitigation or garbage collection and disposal (main targets of this administration).<\/p>\n

The urban scale green infrastructure is outstanding and should be preserved and enhanced through the connection of the forest remnants, so they can exchange genetic faunal and floral material, in addition to providing clean human mobility for pedestrians and bicycles.<\/p>\n

It is urgent that our decision makers have a real understanding of the role of urban biodiversity for healthy, safe, sustainable and resilient communities. Urban nature may offer numerous ecosystems services where people live, work and play: along the streets, in renaturalized canals, in roofs and yards, and in high performance, designed parks and squares with dense plantings of native trees.<\/p>\n

********<\/p>\n

Conectando as Magn\u00edficas Paisagens do Rio de Janeiro<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

As paisagens da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, uma cidade com 6, 3 milh\u00f5es de habitantes, s\u00e3o realmente impressionantes e \u00fanicas. \u00c9 o resultado de cinco s\u00e9culos de intera\u00e7\u00f5es entre o homem e a natureza. Na semana passada a UNESCO elegeu parte da cidade como Patrim\u00f4nio Cultural da Mundial.<\/p>\n

\u00c9 muito significativo que a maioria das imagens premiadas tenha os maci\u00e7os cobertos por Mata Atl\u00e2ntica com alta biodiversidade que se regenerou dos impactos causados por s\u00e9culos de explora\u00e7\u00e3o de recursos naturais e de pr\u00e1ticas de agricultura que tinham eliminado a cobertura vegetal nativa (http:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1100\/<\/a> visitado em 07.05.2012). Na verdade as florestas est\u00e3o fragmentadas, cercadas por densa ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o urbana e sob press\u00e3o de expans\u00e3o que repete os mesmo enganos feitos no passado. As \u00e1reas urbanizadas ocupam prioritariamente as terras mais baixas, onde lagoas oce\u00e2nicas e brejos foram aterrados com o desmonte de muitos morros. O Parque do Flamengo (um dos locais eleitos) \u00e9 um enorme aterro com 1,2 Km\u00b2, onde o paisagista Roberto Burle Marx<\/a>, reconhecido mundialmente, foi o respons\u00e1vel pelos magn\u00edficos jardins.<\/p>\n

No maci\u00e7o da Tijuca, onde se situa o Cristo Redentor que olha sobre a cidade, planta\u00e7\u00f5es de caf\u00e9 substitu\u00edram as florestas e depois foram abandonadas deixando uma paisagem seca coberta por gram\u00edneas.\u00a0 No s\u00e9culo XIX suas encostas foram parcialmente replantadas para restaurar as fontes de \u00e1gua, com a regenera\u00e7\u00e3o natural que ocorreu em vastas \u00e1reas dos dois maiores maci\u00e7os da cidade: Tijuca e Pedra Branca. Ambos se tornaram \u00e1reas protegidas. O Parque Nacional da Tijuca \u00e9 um dos locais eleitos pela UNESCO. Nos \u00faltimos 25 anos, o bem sucedido programa da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente \u201cMutir\u00e3o Reflorestamento\u201d, efetivamente replantou \u00e1rvores com intuito de conter deslizamentos, muitos pr\u00f3ximos a favelas. Trata-se de um programa s\u00f3cio-ecol\u00f3gico porque emprega e capacita moradores das comunidades locais para o plantio e monitoramente, que acabam se tornando guardi\u00f5es da floresta.<\/p>\n

O Verde se Submete ao Cinza<\/strong><\/p>\n

Apesar da natureza estar quase sempre presente em nossas belas vistas, as \u00e1reas urbanizadas s\u00e3o altamente imperme\u00e1veis e cinzas, especialmente na Zona Norte onde n\u00e3o h\u00e1 quase nenhum remanescente de \u00e1rea verde, nem mesmo pra\u00e7as p\u00fablicas. A cidade tem ambientes extremamente diversificados, com florestas luxuriantes e belos parques contrastando com ruas \u00e1ridas, quentes e barulhentas onde a maioria da popula\u00e7\u00e3o vive. A maior parte do tempo faz muito calor. Por exemplo, hoje \u00e9 inverno e a temperatura no meio do dia \u00e9 de 29\u00b0C. Moro perto da floresta, onde \u00e9 bastante agrad\u00e1vel com muitas \u00e1rvores, p\u00e1ssaros e insetos. Esp\u00e9cies nativas e ex\u00f3ticas invasoras est\u00e3o presentes e deveriam ser permanentemente manejadas. A biodiversidade abunda especialmente perto dos remanescentes dos ecossistemas florestais. Na verdade, se deixar as janelas abertas de manh\u00e3 macacos-prego (Cebus apella<\/em>) entram no meu apartamento. Muitos moradores os alimentam, portanto retornam atr\u00e1s de comida f\u00e1cil e n\u00e3o apropriada para eles. Ao mesmo tempo, se eu descer um quarteir\u00e3o, o engarrafamento \u00e9 constante, as temperaturas s\u00e3o mais elevadas e as \u00e1rvores das ruas est\u00e3o velhas, sob intensa press\u00e3o em situa\u00e7\u00f5es inadequadas, muitas est\u00e3o morrendo e n\u00e3o est\u00e3o sendo repostas.<\/p>\n

As pessoas valorizam os morros com as florestas e as praias principalmente para recrea\u00e7\u00e3o, para caminhar, andar de bicicleta ou apenas para contemplar. N\u00e3o estou certa de como reconhecem e valorizam os servi\u00e7os ecossist\u00eamicos (ou ambientais, como s\u00e3o mais conhecidos) prestados pelas florestas e pelas \u00e1rvores urbanas. Existe uma enorme oportunidade para pesquisar sobre ecologia urbana no Brasil, mas ainda h\u00e1 n\u00e3o educa\u00e7\u00e3o formal nos campos de ecologia urbana e planejamento urbano\/regional da paisagem. Biodiversidade urbana e as rela\u00e7\u00f5es pessoas-natureza tamb\u00e9m ainda n\u00e3o s\u00e3o preocupa\u00e7\u00f5es presentes na maioria das cidades brasileira, onde nos \u00faltimos 20 anos shopping centers e jardins cosm\u00e9ticos com tend\u00eancias globalizadas localizados em condom\u00ednios fechados t\u00eam se tornado as \u00e1reas de lazer de grande parte das cidades, substituindo os espa\u00e7os p\u00fablicos abertos onde o encontro com diversidade social acontece.<\/p>\n

Natureza Urbana n\u00e3o \u00e9 uma prioridade para os tomadores de decis\u00e3o do Rio de Janeiro <\/strong><\/p>\n

Para os tomadores de decis\u00f5es do Rio de Janeiro a natureza urbana n\u00e3o \u00e9 uma prioridade. Existe uma falta de compreens\u00e3o do papel da biodiversidade para a qualidade de vida em uma cidade saud\u00e1vel. As \u00e1reas urbanizadas est\u00e3o sujeitas a enchentes e deslizamentos devido \u00e0s mudan\u00e7as hist\u00f3ricas do uso do solo e da cobertura vegetal. A Copa do Mundo e os Jogos Ol\u00edmpicos ir\u00e3o ocorrer nos pr\u00f3ximos anos e est\u00e3o levando a uma r\u00e1pida expans\u00e3o urbana que segue os mesmos padr\u00f5es de transforma\u00e7\u00e3o dos remanescentes de \u00e1reas alag\u00e1veis localizados nas baixadas de Jacarepagu\u00e1 e Guaratiba. \u00c1reas alagadas est\u00e3o sendo aterradas para dar lugar a estradas (para carros e BRT\u2019s) e para o processo especulativo do mercado imobili\u00e1rio. O \u00faltimo remanescente de manguezal legalmente protegido (Reserva Biol\u00f3gica de Guaratiba) est\u00e1 sob amea\u00e7a de desaparecer pelo excesso de salinidade, devido \u00e0 nova estrada que foi constru\u00edda com t\u00e9cnicas tradicionais de engenharia que interferem nos fluxos hidrol\u00f3gicos, que est\u00e3o causando enchentes mais freq\u00fcentes e recorrentes nas \u00e1reas residenciais do outro lado da estrada, segundo seus moradores. Outras estradas est\u00e3o sendo projetadas e constru\u00eddas sem o devido entendimento da ecologia das paisagens, e seus processos e fluxos, com a elimina\u00e7\u00e3o da biodiversidade e altera\u00e7\u00e3o na din\u00e2mica das \u00e1guas.<\/p>\n

Planejando Corredores Verdes <\/strong><\/p>\n

Por outro lado a Secretaria do Meio Ambiente da Cidade (SMAC) est\u00e1 trabalhando em um novo plano de Corredores Verdes para reconectar os fragmentos florestais e tentar conter danos ecol\u00f3gicos irrevers\u00edveis nas \u00e1reas de expans\u00e3o urbana. Celso Junius, coordenador do Mosaico Carioca, junto com 20 especialista de 8 departamentos da cidade constitu\u00edram um Grupo de Trabalho que desenvolveu a proposta inicial para os Corredores Verdes (dispon\u00edvel em http:\/\/mosaico-carioca.blogspot.com.br\/search?updated-max=2012-05-23T22:41:00-03:00&max-results=3<\/a>). A Secretaria do Meio Ambiente fez um excelente trabalho com o mapeamento dos remanescentes de ecossistemas de Mata Atl\u00e2ntica da cidade e de disponibiliz\u00e1-los amplamente na internet, onde \u00e9 poss\u00edvel emitir relat\u00f3rios de acordo com os diversos interesses ( http:\/\/sigfloresta.rio.rj.gov.br\/<\/a> viewed 07.05.2012). O \u201cSigfloresta\u201d \u00e9 uma ferramenta importante para monitorar de forma efetiva a cobertura vegetal e est\u00e1 sendo usada para desenvolver o plano dos Corredores Verdes.<\/p>\n

Projeto que Mimetiza a Natureza nas Cidades <\/strong><\/p>\n

O INVERDE<\/a> est\u00e1 colaborando de forma volunt\u00e1ria, para desenvolver mais detalhadamente o plano de infraestrutura verde, focando inicialmente na baixada de Jacarepagu\u00e1. A bacia hidrogr\u00e1fica local \u00e9 vulner\u00e1vel \u00e0 eleva\u00e7\u00e3o do n\u00edvel do mar, com a maior parte de suas \u00e1reas n\u00e3o tendo mais do que 1 metro acima do n\u00edvel do mar atual. As \u00e1reas alag\u00e1veis e as \u00e1reas baixas est\u00e3o sendo aterradas e os seus rios e c\u00f3rregos retificados e canalizados pelo sistema de macrodrenagem, que tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 do s\u00e9culo XX, quando se tinha a pretens\u00e3o de controlar as for\u00e7as da natureza.<\/p>\n

Pierre Martin<\/a>, paisagista formado na Fran\u00e7a (s\u00f3cio do escrit\u00f3rio Embya <\/em><\/a>) e eu estamos comprometidos a contribuir para incrementar o relat\u00f3rio final dos \u201cCorredores Verdes Ol\u00edmpicos\u201d, os quais ir\u00e3o conectar os fragmentos protegidos pelos maci\u00e7os da Pedra Branca e da Tijuca atrav\u00e9s da Baixada de Jacarepagu\u00e1. O objetivo \u00e9 aprofundar e ilustrar as propostas na escala da bacia hidrogr\u00e1fica e local para uma melhor compreens\u00e3o do imenso potencial que existe ao se mudar para o novo paradigma s\u00f3cio-ecol\u00f3gico que mimetiza a natureza na cidade, e de planejar a paisagem urbana para que tenha alto desempenho em diversas fun\u00e7\u00f5es: para as \u00e1guas, a biodiversidade e as pessoas.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3s do INVERDE<\/a>, tamb\u00e9m acreditamos que educa\u00e7\u00e3o e conscientiza\u00e7\u00e3o das pessoas \u00e9 fundamental para que possamos obter suporte para a proposta. N\u00f3s promovemos e gravamos uma palestra aberta ao p\u00fablico de maio de 2012, a qual em breve estar\u00e1 dispon\u00edvel no Youtube. N\u00f3s tamb\u00e9m coorganizamos um semin\u00e1rio com a Secretaria do Meio Ambiente da Cidade e o Instituto de Pesquisas do Jardim Bot\u00e2nico do Rio de Janeiro durante a Rio+20. Foi um evento oficial focado em especialistas e cientistas para trabalhar em conjunto para aprimorar o plano com base em ci\u00eancia. Estamos todos comprometidos a dar andamento a esse plano de forma cont\u00ednua, com mais pesquisas em ecologia urbana para melhor compreender os processos e fluxos abi\u00f3ticos e bi\u00f3ticos, bem como as rela\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00f3cio-ecol\u00f3gicas. A id\u00e9ia n\u00e3o \u00e9 fazer uma \u201cmaquiagem verde\u201d (greenwashing<\/em>) para a expans\u00e3o urbana, mas mudar para um novo processo de planejamento transdisciplinar e para desenvolver m\u00e9todos de projeto que incorporem conhecimentos cient\u00edficos s\u00f3cio-ecol\u00f3gicos.<\/p>\n

Fernando Chacel<\/strong><\/p>\n

Existem exemplos locais de restaura\u00e7\u00e3o ecol\u00f3gica que foram projetados por Fernando Chacel, o paisagista pioneiro com uma vis\u00e3o sist\u00eamica. Ele planejou e projetou parques \u201cestado-da-arte\u201d ao longo das lagoas de Jacarepagu\u00e1, a baixada que sofre press\u00e3o de expans\u00e3o urbana onde se localizou a Rio+20. Ele come\u00e7ou a projetar a recupera\u00e7\u00e3o dos corredores marginais das lagoas na d\u00e9cada de 1980 at\u00e9 ficar doente em 2009 (infelizmente, faleceu no ano passado). Ele recomp\u00f4s paisagens degradadas, reintroduzindo com grande beleza ecossistemas nativos e respeitando a sua fitosociologia. Ele trabalhou com equipes multidisciplinares.<\/p>\n

Seu legado deve ser reconhecido e servir de inspira\u00e7\u00e3o para os novos profissionais: ele desenvolveu a teoria da \u201cecog\u00eanese\u201d, onde foi aprender com a natureza para restaurar e proteger os manguezais, restingas e florestas paludosas de baixada. Seu livro \u201cLandscape Architecture and Ecogenesis<\/a>\u201d deveria estar dispon\u00edvel em todas as escolas brasileiras que ensinam sobre o tema.<\/p>\n

O Potencial Verde do Rio de Janeiro <\/strong><\/p>\n

O Rio de Janeiro tem um enorme potencial para ser uma das cidades mais verdes do mundo, n\u00e3o apenas em mitiga\u00e7\u00e3o de gases efeito estufa e em coleta e disposi\u00e7\u00e3o de res\u00edduos s\u00f3lidos (dois alvos priorit\u00e1rios dessa administra\u00e7\u00e3o).<\/p>\n

A infraestrutura verde na escala urbana \u00e9 espetacular e deveria ser preservada e aprimorada atrav\u00e9s da conex\u00e3o dos remanescentes florestais, para que possam fazer a troca de material gen\u00e9tico de fauna e flora, al\u00e9m de oferecer mobilidade multimodal, sist\u00eamica, limpa, confort\u00e1vel e segura para as pessoas, principalmente para pedestres e bicicletas.<\/p>\n

\u00c9 urgente que os tomadores de decis\u00f5es tenham uma real compreens\u00e3o do papel da biodiversidade urbana para comunidades saud\u00e1veis, seguras, sustent\u00e1veis e resilientes. A natureza urbana pode oferecer in\u00fameros servi\u00e7os ecossist\u00eamicos onde as pessoas vivem, trabalham e se divertem: ao longo das ruas, em canais renaturalizados, em tetos e quintais, em parques e pra\u00e7as projetados para ter alto desempenho s\u00f3cio-ecol\u00f3gico com plantio intensivo de \u00e1rvores nativas (n\u00e3o palmeiras!).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

(Nota: A vers\u00e3o em Portugu\u00eas segue imediatamente.) The tropical urban landscapes of Rio de Janeiro, a city of 6.3 million inhabitants, are really impressive and unique. It is the outcome of five centuries of nature-human interaction. Last week UNESCO elected part of the city as a World Cultural Heritage. It is quite meaningful that most […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":7048,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[273,299,297],"tags":[49,28,557,88],"coauthors":[129],"class_list":["post-308","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-essay","category-essay-place-and-design","category-essay-science-and-tools","tag-communities","tag-design","tag-landscape","tag-planning"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/308","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=308"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/308\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7048"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=308"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=308"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=308"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=308"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}