{"id":43841,"date":"2020-09-30T15:06:11","date_gmt":"2020-09-30T19:06:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/?p=43841"},"modified":"2020-09-30T15:06:12","modified_gmt":"2020-09-30T19:06:12","slug":"urban-gardening-as-a-response-to-food-supply-issues-in-dense-urban-areas-during-the-covid-19-crisis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/2020\/09\/30\/urban-gardening-as-a-response-to-food-supply-issues-in-dense-urban-areas-during-the-covid-19-crisis\/","title":{"rendered":"Urban Gardening As a Response to Food Supply Issues in Dense Urban Areas During the COVID-19 Crisis"},"content":{"rendered":"

En espa\u00f1ol.<\/a><\/p>\n

Urban gardening can be adapted to the reality of Santiago and other cities with similar characteristics. In Santiago, urban gardens that provide secure sources of healthy food could be implemented not only in common spaces, roofs, and balconies but also in median strips and tree pits along streets.<\/blockquote><\/figure>In December 2019, the city of Wuhan, China, reported the first case of Coronavirus. Since then, the virus has spread rapidly, reaching more than 31,300,000 cases worldwide (as of September 2020, according to John Hopkins University). Globally and regionally, a series of measures have been taken to slow down the spread of the virus, affecting millions of people in the way they live, work, socialize, and stock up on supplies.<\/p>\n

In Chile, the first infected person was confirmed on 3 March 2020. Since then, the government has decreed several measures including mandatory quarantine, lock-down, border closure, and the closing of urban parks, nature parks, and nature reserves. Despite these restrictions, four months later, there were more than 280,000 cases in Chile.<\/p>\n

The government and media have mainly focused on the number of infected persons, whether or not to continue with the quarantines\/lock-down, and when to resume normal social and economic activities. But other situations are happening at the same moment that can’t be overlooked.<\/p>\n

Due to the crisis, many people have shopped excessively in supermarkets, generating a shortage in the food supply and leading to a surge in pricing. Adding to this, the economic impacts of the pandemic have led to reduced pay and\/or loss of employment for many, making it very difficult for them to maintain themselves and their families. For these families, food supply has been a daily challenge since the crisis started. The COVID-19 magnifies the inequalities that have always existed, food security being a basic amenity.<\/p>\n

In this context, questioning our source of food supply and distribution is imperative. Is it safe, healthy, and accessible? While advocated quite widely for years, urban gardening presents itself as a highly viable practice to ensure food security in times of crisis like the one we are experiencing (Armanda et al. 2019; Poulsen et al. 2015). Urban gardening refers to the production of vegetables within the urban context (Wunder, 2013), being one of the most common activities of urban agriculture. The scale of vegetable production can be highly variable, from community and collective gardens to a micro-scale production such as roof-top gardens, green walls, backyards gardening, and street landscaping (Pearson et al. 2010; Dinis et al. 2018).<\/p>\n

Urban gardening in Santiago, Chile, is an activity that is in an early stage. It is mainly developed by civil organizations such as NGOs, artists, neighborhood organizations, and university initiatives, although it is also supported by some municipalities (Contesse et al. 2018). In general, the development of urban gardening has been associated mainly with community gardens. However, there are no available studies on the development of urban gardening on the micro-scale even though it has become more popular in recent years.<\/p>\n

Considering the COVID-19 crisis, where thousands of people have been under lock-down with reduced social interactions, the development of urban gardening on a micro scale is emerging as the most appropriate alternative.<\/p>\n

While the virus does not distinguish between sex, age, or origin, those living in small spaces, in overcrowded conditions and without sufficient economic resources to support themselves are undoubtedly more vulnerable. In Santiago, there have been several demonstrations during the course of the pandemic. For these communities, food insecurity is a matter of survival.<\/p>\n

Vulnerable communities are often located in high-density urban and peri-urban areas. In low-housing neighborhoods, houses are in precarious conditions, gardens are usually expanded to incorporate more family members, generating overcrowded conditions. Similar conditions are seen in high housing neighborhoods. In both cases, there are few green areas or quality public spaces available, and they are commonly associated with insecurity and crime. Slums are extreme examples where vulnerable families live in more than precarious conditions.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Gardening in sacks<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

When we think about the incorporation of urban gardening not only in the context of low income but also of high-density neighborhoods where the availability of public and private space is limited, it becomes necessary to look for alternatives that can adapt to these specific conditions. Sack gardening is an urban gardening method that is suitable to be implemented in such conditions. In this method, vegetables are planted on the top and sides of sacks. Gallaher et al. (2013) found that sack gardening in the Kibera slums of Nairobi, Kenya, has a great impact on families\u2019 food security. Faced with challenges of severe poverty and malnutrition, sack gardening in Nairobi has made an important contribution to increasing the diversity of the households\u2019 diet and being a source of nutrition in times of shortage (Gallaher et al., 2013). The use of sacks allows people to produce several vegetables in a limited space that they usually share within their communities.Another example of urban gardening in similar contexts is the roof-top and balcony gardening in Rio de Janeiro\u2019s \u201cfavelas\u201d. Since 2003, the Brazilian government has provided funding for urban agriculture projects, one of which is the urban gardening project in the favelas, part of Rio’s Sustainable City program (Ortiz, 2012). People interested in growing vegetables participate in an organic agriculture workshop that educates them on different techniques for growing crops in household planters. People usually share their terraces or balconies to garden with neighbors, that is to say: plant, maintain and harvest together lettuce, arugula, watercress, cherry tomatoes, rosemary, and mint, among other vegetables and herbs (Ortiz, 2012). The possibility of planting in underused spaces such as roof-tops and balconies allow people to develop urban gardening despite living in high urban density contexts.<\/p>\n

Both examples of urban gardening can be adapted to the reality of Santiago and other cities with similar characteristics. In Santiago, urban gardens could be implemented not only in common spaces, roofs, and balconies but also in median strips and tree pits along streets. As crop containers, sacks are easily available materials and can have great acceptance to be used as containers. In addition, there are many other materials that are usually discarded and can be reused for cultivation: bottles, tires, and pallets.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Gardening in tires<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"\"<\/a>
Gardening in bottles<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

All these different procedures of urban gardening can be developed by the families themselves at a very local scale with the potential to expand to the community scale. In these times of reduced social contact, urban gardening projects could augment community building in innovative ways and build upon the social potential of these communities. The possibilities to exchange different types of vegetables and to sell them in order to have an extra income are activities that can still be done within the restrictions advised during the pandemic. Working in shifts to avoid person-to-person contact can be an alternative to maintain the crops, without losing the support within the community members. Urban gardening at the community level could nurture these relationships and help communities as a cohesive unit to overcome the current crisis and be better prepared for future events.<\/p>\n

Urban gardening can be a response to a safer, healthier, and accessible way of food supply and distribution. It is more secure, especially as it can help families from being affected by shortages of supply, ensuring at least basic nutrition. It is healthier, not only because of the contribution of organic vegetables to the diet, but also due to local availability either at home or within the community reducing the need to travel too far to shop, and thus reducing the risk of contagion. This would also reduce food being passed through several “hands” before reaching the consumer. And accessible, because of the availability and low resources required for production and distribution.<\/p>\n

Families do not have to be in dire need of producing their own food, but when the state is unable to guarantee the food security of its citizens, alternatives such as this should be supported, especially because the role of the state is fundamental, even more in times of crisis. Santiago de Chile has a path initiated in urban gardening that has great potential for further development, and this may be an opportunity for that. Education on urban gardening would allow local residents to engage in it. The circulation of manuals and development of workshops suggesting the types of vegetables and how, where and when to plant them, along with the delivery of basic materials such as soil and seeds, would be a first step to offer communities tools to better cope with this crisis and empower them in urban gardening development. NGOs, the local government, or even universities, can be key stakeholders in developing this educational process.<\/p>\n

The COVID-19 crisis not only raises the question of how vulnerable we are as people, but also whether the way we are building ourselves as a society benefits us all or not. The traditional form of food supply has been stretched to its limit, and it is important that we implement other alternatives as soon as possible.<\/p>\n

Constanza M. Cerda<\/strong>
\nStuttgart<\/p>\n

On The Nature of Cities<\/a><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Armanda D., Guine\u00e9 J. and Tukker A., 2019. \u2018The second green revolution: Innovative urban agriculture’s contribution to food security and sustainability \u2013 A review\u2019. Global Food Security 22<\/em> (2019) 13\u201324. Elsevier.<\/p>\n

Contesse M., van Veliet B. and Lenhart J. 2018. \u2018Is urban agriculture urban green space? A comparison of policy arrangements for urban green space and urban agriculture in Santiago de Chile\u2019. Land use policy 71<\/em> (2018) 566-577. Elsevier.<\/p>\n

Dinis, A., Marquez R., Santos C. and Martins, M. (2018) \u00b4 Urban Agriculture: A tool for towards more resilient urban communities?\u00b4 Environmental Science & Health<\/em> 2018 5:93-97, Elsevier.<\/p>\n

Gallaher C., Kerr J., Njenga M., Karanja N. and WinklerPrins A.,\u00a0 2013. \u2018Urban agriculture, social capital, and food security in the Kibera slums of Nairobi, Kenya\u2019. Agric Hum Values<\/em> (2013) 30:389\u2013404.<\/p>\n

Ortiz F. 2012. Urban Agriculture Sprouts in Brazil\u2019s Favelas. Tierramerica<\/em>. September 25, 2012.<\/p>\n

Pearson C., Pilgrims S. and Pretty J., 2010. \u2018Urban agriculture: diverse activities and benefits for city society\u2019. Ed. Earthcan<\/em> 2010.<\/p>\n

Poulsen M., McNab P., Clayton M. and Neff R., 2015 \u2018A systematic review of urban agriculture and food security impacts in low-income countries\u2019. Food Policy 55<\/em>, 131-146.<\/p>\n

Taylor, W., and Goodfellow T. 2009. \u2018Urban poverty and vulnerability in Kenya: The urgent need for coordinated action to reduce urban poverty\u2019. Nairobi: Oxfam GB Kenya Programm.<\/p>\n

Wunder S. (2013) Learning for sustainable agriculture: Urban gardening in Berlin. With particular focus on Allmende Kontor. Support of Learning and Innovation Networks for Sustainable Agriculture<\/em> \u00a0SOLINSA.<\/p>\n

<\/a> * * *<\/p>\n

La horticultura urbana como respuesta a los problemas de suministro de alimentos en zonas urbanas densas durante la crisis de COVID-19<\/b><\/h3>\n

Los huertos urbanos pueden adaptarse tanto a la realidad de Santiago como a otras ciudades de caracter\u00edsticas similares. En Santiago, los huertos urbanos, que proporcionan una fuente segura de alimentos saludables, podr\u00edan implementarse no s\u00f3lo en espacios comunes, techos y balcones, sino tambi\u00e9n en los bandejones centrales y en las bases de infiltraci\u00f3n para \u00e1rboles a lo largo de las calles.<\/p>\n

En diciembre de 2019, en la ciudad de Wuhan, China, se report\u00f3 el primer caso de Corona-virus. Desde ese momento, el virus se ha esparcido r\u00e1pidamente, llegando a m\u00e1s de 31,300,000 casos a nivel mundial (a septiembre de 2020, seg\u00fan la Universidad de John Hopkins). Tanto global como regionalmente, se han tomado una serie de medidas para desacelerar la propagaci\u00f3n del virus, afectando a millones de personas en la forma en la que viven, trabajan, socializan y se abastecen.<\/p>\n

En Chile, el primer contagio fue confirmado el 3 de marzo del 2020. A partir de ese d\u00eda, el gobierno chileno decret\u00f3 medidas como: cuarentena obligatoria, bloqueo de las fronteras y cierre de parques urbanos y reservas naturales. Pese a estas restricciones, cuatro meses despu\u00e9s, el n\u00famero de contagios alcanzaba la suma de 280,000 casos.<\/p>\n

Tanto el gobierno como los medios de comunicaci\u00f3n han puesto su foco de atenci\u00f3n en el n\u00famero de personas infectadas, si continuar o no con las cuarentenas y bloqueos, y \u00a0cu\u00e1ndo comenzar a retomar las actividades sociales y econ\u00f3micas. Sin embargo, hay otros eventos, ocurriendo a la par de la crisis, que no deben ser pasados por alto.<\/p>\n

Debido a la crisis, muchas personas se han sobre abastecido, generando escasez en el suministro de alimentos y con ello alza en sus precios. Sumado a esto, las repercusiones econ\u00f3micas de la pandemia han llevado a una reducci\u00f3n generalizada de los salarios y\/o a la p\u00e9rdida de empleos, haciendo a\u00fan m\u00e1s dif\u00edcil que las familias puedan abastecerse. Para estas familias,\u00a0 el suministro de alimentos ha sido un desaf\u00edo diario desde el inicio de la crisis. Sin dudas, la crisis generada por el COVID-19, ha magnificado las desigualdades sociales que siempre han existido, siendo la seguridad alimentaria una necesidad b\u00e1sica que ha quedado expuesta como un \u00e1mbito especialmente fr\u00e1gil.<\/p>\n

En este contexto, cuestionarse sobre las fuentes de abastecimiento y distribuci\u00f3n de alimentos es imperativo: \u00bfSon ellas seguras, saludables y accesibles? Aunque se han defendido ampliamente durante a\u00f1os, los huertos urbanos se presentan hoy como una pr\u00e1ctica especialmente viable para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria en tiempos de crisis como la que estamos viviendo (Armanda et al. 2019; Poulsen et al. 2015). Los huertos urbanos conllevan la producci\u00f3n de hortalizas dentro del \u00e1rea urbana (Wunder, 2013), siendo ellos una de las actividades m\u00e1s comunes de la agricultura urbana. La escala de producci\u00f3n de hortalizas puede ser muy variable, desde huertos comunitarios y colectivos hasta una producci\u00f3n a micro-escala, como los huertos de techo, los muros verdes, los huertos en patios y en las \u00e1reas verdes de acceso p\u00fablico (Pearson et al. 2010; Dinis et al. 2018).<\/p>\n

En Santiago de Chile, el desarrollo de huertos urbanos se encuentra en una etapa temprana. Principalmente, ha sido impulsado por organizaciones civiles, tales como ONGs, artistas, organizaciones vecinales e iniciativas universitarias y, en algunos casos, han sido apoyados por municipios (Contesse et al. 2018). En general, el desarrollo de los huertos urbanos se ha llevado a cabo a trav\u00e9s de huertos comunitarios, y a pesar de que su desarrollo en la micro-escala se ha hecho m\u00e1s popular en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os, a\u00fan no se dispone de estudios sobre ello.<\/p>\n

Si considerarnos que durante la crisis del COVID-19, miles de personas han debido permanecer en sus hogares y reducir al m\u00ednimo sus interacciones sociales, el desarrollo de los huertos urbanos en la micro-escala, se perfila como la alternativa de abastecimiento de alimentos m\u00e1s adecuada.<\/p>\n

Si bien el virus no distingue entre sexo, edad u origen, quienes viven en espacios reducidos, en condiciones de hacinamiento y sin recursos econ\u00f3micos suficientes para mantenerse, se constituyen, indudablemente, como el grupo m\u00e1s vulnerable. En Santiago, se han llevado a cabo una serie de protestas ciudadanas durante el transcurso de la pandemia, dejando al descubierto que para estas comunidades, la inseguridad alimentaria es una cuesti\u00f3n de supervivencia.<\/p>\n

Las comunidades vulnerables suelen localizarse en zonas urbanas y periurbanas de alta densidad. En los barrios de baja altura, las viviendas se encuentran generalmente en condiciones precarias, los patios suelen modificarse para incorporar a m\u00e1s miembros de la familia, generando condiciones de hacinamiento. En los barrios de viviendas en altura, se observan condiciones similares. En ambos casos, el acceso a \u00e1reas verdes o espacios p\u00fablicos de calidad es limitado, siendo lugares que se identifican com\u00fanmente como espacios inseguros. Los campamentos son un ejemplo de la extrema precariedad en los que viven cientos de familias vulnerables.<\/p>\n

Cuando pensamos en la incorporaci\u00f3n de los huertos urbanos en contextos no tan s\u00f3lo de bajos ingresos, sino tambi\u00e9n de alta densidad urbana, donde la disponibilidad de espacio p\u00fablico y privado es limitada, se hace necesario buscar alternativas que puedan adaptarse a estas condiciones espec\u00edficas. El cultivo en sacos, es una forma de huerto urbano adecuada para ser implementada en tales condiciones. En este m\u00e9todo, las hortalizas son plantadas tanto en la parte superior como en los costados de los sacos. Gallaher et al. (2013) descubrieron que el cultivo en sacos realizado en los barrios marginales de Kibera, en Nairobi (Kenya) tiene un gran impacto en la seguridad alimentaria de las familias. Frente a los desaf\u00edos de la extrema pobreza y la malnutrici\u00f3n, la horticultura en sacos de Nairobi ha contribuido de manera importante a aumentar la diversidad de la dieta de las familias, adem\u00e1s de constituirse como una importante fuente de nutrici\u00f3n en \u00e9pocas de escasez (Gallaher et al., 2013). El uso de los sacos ha facilitado la producci\u00f3n de verduras en un espacio limitado, que usualmente comparten con el resto de la comunidad.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Jardiner\u00eda en bolsas<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Otro ejemplo de huertos urbanos en contextos similares son los huertos en techos y balcones de las “favelas” de R\u00edo de Janeiro. Desde el a\u00f1o 2003, el Gobierno del Brasil ha proporcionado financiaci\u00f3n para proyectos de agricultura urbana, uno de ellos, es el proyecto de huertos urbanos en las favelas, que forma parte del programa de Ciudad Sostenible de R\u00edo (Ortiz, 2012). Las personas interesadas en cultivar hortalizas participan en talleres de agricultura org\u00e1nica, en donde se les ense\u00f1a diferentes t\u00e9cnicas de cultivo en sembradoras dom\u00e9sticas. La gente suele compartir sus terrazas o balcones para cultivar con sus vecinos, esto implica: plantar, mantener y cosechar en conjunto lechugas, r\u00faculas, berros, tomates cherry, romero y menta, entre otras verduras y hierbas (Ortiz, 2012). La posibilidad de plantar en espacios infrautilizados -como tejados y balcones- permite a las personas desarrollar huertos en contextos de alta densidad urbana.<\/p>\n

Ambos ejemplos de huertos urbanos pueden adaptarse a la realidad de Santiago de Chile y de otras ciudades de caracter\u00edsticas similares. En Santiago, los huertos urbanos podr\u00edan implementarse no s\u00f3lo en espacios comunes, techos y balcones, sino tambi\u00e9n en bandejones centrales y en las bases de infiltraci\u00f3n para \u00e1rboles a lo largo de las calles. Los sacos son materiales de f\u00e1cil acceso que pueden tener una gran aceptaci\u00f3n para ser utilizados como contenedores, adem\u00e1s de otros materiales que suelen desecharse y pueden reutilizarse para el cultivo, tales como botellas, neum\u00e1ticos y pallets<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Jardiner\u00eda en neum\u00e1ticos<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"\"<\/a>
Jardiner\u00eda en botellas<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Todas estas modalidades de huertos urbanos pueden ser desarrolladas por las propias familias, a escala local y con el potencial para expandirse a escala comunitaria. En tiempos de contacto social restringido, los proyectos de huertos urbanos podr\u00edan potenciar las relaciones comunitarias de forma innovadora, aprovechando el potencial social de las comunidades. Las posibilidades de intercambiar diferentes tipos de hortalizas y venderlas para tener un ingreso extra, son actividades que pueden realizarse dentro de las restricciones aconsejadas durante la pandemia. El trabajo por turnos para evitar el contacto de persona a persona, por ejemplo, puede ser una alternativa para mantener los cultivos, sin perder la participaci\u00f3n de los miembros de la comunidad. Los huertos urbanos podr\u00edan fomentar las relaciones a nivel comunitario, contribuyendo a las familias a superar la actual crisis y con ello, a estar mejor preparadas para eventos futuros.<\/p>\n

Los huertos urbanos pueden ser la respuesta para una forma m\u00e1s segura, saludable y accesible de abastecimiento y distribuci\u00f3n de alimentos. Es una forma m\u00e1s segura, al permitir que las familias no se vean tan afectadas por la escasez de suministro, asegurando al menos una nutrici\u00f3n b\u00e1sica. Es m\u00e1s saludable, no s\u00f3lo por la contribuci\u00f3n de hortalizas org\u00e1nicas a la dieta, sino tambi\u00e9n por su disponibilidad: un cultivo en el hogar o en la comunidad reducir\u00e1 la necesidad de viajar para ir de compras y contribuir\u00e1 a la disminuci\u00f3n del riesgo de contagio (este factor tambi\u00e9n reducir\u00eda el riesgo de que los alimentos pasen por varias “manos” antes de llegar al consumidor). Y accesibles, dado los bajos recursos necesarios para su producci\u00f3n y distribuci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

Si bien las familias no tienen por qu\u00e9 tener la necesidad imperiosa de producir sus propios alimentos, \u00a0cuando el Estado es incapaz de garantizar la seguridad alimentaria de sus ciudadanos, existen medidas alternativas como los huertos urbanos, apropiados para tiempos de crisis como la que estamos viviendo. Santiago de Chile tiene un camino iniciado en los huertos urbanos, con un gran potencial de desarrollo, siendo \u00e9sta una oportunidad para ello. La educaci\u00f3n en materia de huertos urbanos permitir\u00eda a los residentes locales participar en la producci\u00f3n local. La distribuci\u00f3n de manuales y la realizaci\u00f3n de talleres en los que se sugieran los tipos de hortalizas adecuadas para cultivar y eduquen sobre c\u00f3mo, d\u00f3nde y cu\u00e1ndo plantarlas, junto con la entrega de materiales b\u00e1sicos como tierra y semillas, ser\u00eda un primer paso para ofrecer a las comunidades m\u00e1s herramientas para afrontar mejor esta crisis y para potenciar el desarrollo de los huertos urbanos. Las ONGs, el gobierno local o incluso las universidades podr\u00edan conformarse como los principales actores interesados en el desarrollo de este proceso educativo.<\/p>\n

La crisis de COVID-19 no s\u00f3lo plantea la cuesti\u00f3n de cu\u00e1n vulnerables somos como personas, sino tambi\u00e9n si la forma en que nos estamos construyendo como sociedad nos beneficia -o no- a todos. La forma tradicional de suministro de alimentos se ha forzado hasta su l\u00edmite, y es importante que pongamos en pr\u00e1ctica otras alternativas lo antes posible.<\/p>\n

Constanza M. Cerda<\/strong>
\nStuttgart<\/p>\n

On The Nature of Cities<\/a><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Armanda D., Guine\u00e9 J. and Tukker A., 2019. \u2018The second green revolution: Innovative urban agriculture’s contribution to food security and sustainability \u2013 A review\u2019. Global Food Security 22<\/em> (2019) 13\u201324. Elsevier.<\/p>\n

Contesse M., van Veliet B. and Lenhart J. 2018. \u2018Is urban agriculture urban green space? A comparison of policy arrangements for urban green space and urban agriculture in Santiago de Chile\u2019. Land use policy 71<\/em> (2018) 566-577. Elsevier.<\/p>\n

Dinis, A., Marquez R., Santos C. and Martins, M. (2018) \u00b4 Urban Agriculture: A tool for towards more resilient urban communities?\u00b4 Environmental Science & Health<\/em> 2018 5:93-97, Elsevier.<\/p>\n

Gallaher C., Kerr J., Njenga M., Karanja N. and WinklerPrins A.,\u00a0 2013. \u2018Urban agriculture, social capital, and food security in the Kibera slums of Nairobi, Kenya\u2019. Agric Hum Values<\/em> (2013) 30:389\u2013404.<\/p>\n

Ortiz F. 2012. Urban Agriculture Sprouts in Brazil\u2019s Favelas. Tierramerica<\/em>. September 25, 2012.<\/p>\n

Pearson C., Pilgrims S. and Pretty J., 2010. \u2018Urban agriculture: diverse activities and benefits for city society\u2019. Ed. Earthcan<\/em> 2010.<\/p>\n

Poulsen M., McNab P., Clayton M. and Neff R., 2015 \u2018A systematic review of urban agriculture and food security impacts in low-income countries\u2019. Food Policy 55<\/em>, 131-146.<\/p>\n

Taylor, W., and Goodfellow T. 2009. \u2018Urban poverty and vulnerability in Kenya: The urgent need for coordinated action to reduce urban poverty\u2019. Nairobi: Oxfam GB Kenya Programm.<\/p>\n

Wunder S. (2013) Learning for sustainable agriculture: Urban gardening in Berlin. With particular focus on Allmende Kontor. Support of Learning and Innovation Networks for Sustainable Agriculture<\/em> \u00a0SOLINSA.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

En espa\u00f1ol. In December 2019, the city of Wuhan, China, reported the first case of Coronavirus. Since then, the virus has spread rapidly, reaching more than 31,300,000 cases worldwide (as of September 2020, according to John Hopkins University). Globally and regionally, a series of measures have been taken to slow down the spread of the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":902,"featured_media":43846,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[273,1102,298],"tags":[49,1105,698,38,27],"coauthors":[1210],"class_list":["post-43841","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-essay","category-latin-america","category-essay-people-and-communitites","tag-communities","tag-covid","tag-food","tag-gardens","tag-south-america"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43841","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/902"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=43841"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43841\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/43846"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=43841"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=43841"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=43841"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=43841"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}