[14-May-2026 06:08:27 UTC] PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Error: Class "Smalot\PdfParser\PDFObject" not found in /home/nuaaocmy/public_html/TNOC/wp-content/plugins/mxchat-basic/includes/pdf-parser/src/Smalot/PdfParser/Encoding.php:43
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[14-May-2026 06:08:29 UTC] PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Error: Class "Smalot\PdfParser\PDFObject" not found in /home/nuaaocmy/public_html/TNOC/wp-content/plugins/mxchat-basic/includes/pdf-parser/src/Smalot/PdfParser/Page.php:40
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[14-May-2026 06:08:30 UTC] PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Error: Class "Smalot\PdfParser\PDFObject" not found in /home/nuaaocmy/public_html/TNOC/wp-content/plugins/mxchat-basic/includes/pdf-parser/src/Smalot/PdfParser/Pages.php:40
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[14-May-2026 06:10:14 UTC] PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Error: Class "Smalot\PdfParser\PDFObject" not found in /home/nuaaocmy/public_html/TNOC/wp-content/plugins/mxchat-basic/includes/pdf-parser/src/Smalot/PdfParser/XObject/Image.php:41
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[14-May-2026 06:10:08 UTC] PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Error: Class "Smalot\PdfParser\Font" not found in /home/nuaaocmy/public_html/TNOC/wp-content/plugins/mxchat-basic/includes/pdf-parser/src/Smalot/PdfParser/Font/FontCIDFontType0.php:40
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[14-May-2026 06:10:09 UTC] PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Error: Class "Smalot\PdfParser\Font" not found in /home/nuaaocmy/public_html/TNOC/wp-content/plugins/mxchat-basic/includes/pdf-parser/src/Smalot/PdfParser/Font/FontCIDFontType2.php:40
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[14-May-2026 06:10:10 UTC] PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Error: Class "Smalot\PdfParser\Font" not found in /home/nuaaocmy/public_html/TNOC/wp-content/plugins/mxchat-basic/includes/pdf-parser/src/Smalot/PdfParser/Font/FontTrueType.php:40
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[14-May-2026 06:10:10 UTC] PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Error: Class "Smalot\PdfParser\Font" not found in /home/nuaaocmy/public_html/TNOC/wp-content/plugins/mxchat-basic/includes/pdf-parser/src/Smalot/PdfParser/Font/FontType0.php:40
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[14-May-2026 06:10:11 UTC] PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Error: Class "Smalot\PdfParser\Font" not found in /home/nuaaocmy/public_html/TNOC/wp-content/plugins/mxchat-basic/includes/pdf-parser/src/Smalot/PdfParser/Font/FontType1.php:40
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[14-May-2026 06:10:12 UTC] PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Error: Class "Smalot\PdfParser\Font" not found in /home/nuaaocmy/public_html/TNOC/wp-content/plugins/mxchat-basic/includes/pdf-parser/src/Smalot/PdfParser/Font/FontType3.php:40
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[14-May-2026 06:09:54 UTC] PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Error: Class "Smalot\PdfParser\Element" not found in /home/nuaaocmy/public_html/TNOC/wp-content/plugins/mxchat-basic/includes/pdf-parser/src/Smalot/PdfParser/Element/ElementArray.php:43
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[14-May-2026 06:09:55 UTC] PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Error: Class "Smalot\PdfParser\Element" not found in /home/nuaaocmy/public_html/TNOC/wp-content/plugins/mxchat-basic/includes/pdf-parser/src/Smalot/PdfParser/Element/ElementBoolean.php:41
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[14-May-2026 06:09:55 UTC] PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Error: Class "Smalot\PdfParser\Element\ElementString" not found in /home/nuaaocmy/public_html/TNOC/wp-content/plugins/mxchat-basic/includes/pdf-parser/src/Smalot/PdfParser/Element/ElementDate.php:40
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[14-May-2026 06:09:56 UTC] PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Error: Class "Smalot\PdfParser\Element\ElementString" not found in /home/nuaaocmy/public_html/TNOC/wp-content/plugins/mxchat-basic/includes/pdf-parser/src/Smalot/PdfParser/Element/ElementHexa.php:40
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[14-May-2026 06:09:57 UTC] PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Error: Class "Smalot\PdfParser\Element" not found in /home/nuaaocmy/public_html/TNOC/wp-content/plugins/mxchat-basic/includes/pdf-parser/src/Smalot/PdfParser/Element/ElementMissing.php:40
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[14-May-2026 06:09:57 UTC] PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Error: Class "Smalot\PdfParser\Element" not found in /home/nuaaocmy/public_html/TNOC/wp-content/plugins/mxchat-basic/includes/pdf-parser/src/Smalot/PdfParser/Element/ElementName.php:42
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[14-May-2026 06:09:58 UTC] PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Error: Class "Smalot\PdfParser\Element" not found in /home/nuaaocmy/public_html/TNOC/wp-content/plugins/mxchat-basic/includes/pdf-parser/src/Smalot/PdfParser/Element/ElementNull.php:41
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[14-May-2026 06:09:59 UTC] PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Error: Class "Smalot\PdfParser\Element" not found in /home/nuaaocmy/public_html/TNOC/wp-content/plugins/mxchat-basic/includes/pdf-parser/src/Smalot/PdfParser/Element/ElementNumeric.php:41
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[14-May-2026 06:09:59 UTC] PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Error: Class "Smalot\PdfParser\Element" not found in /home/nuaaocmy/public_html/TNOC/wp-content/plugins/mxchat-basic/includes/pdf-parser/src/Smalot/PdfParser/Element/ElementString.php:42
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[14-May-2026 06:10:00 UTC] PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Error: Class "Smalot\PdfParser\Element" not found in /home/nuaaocmy/public_html/TNOC/wp-content/plugins/mxchat-basic/includes/pdf-parser/src/Smalot/PdfParser/Element/ElementStruct.php:42
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{"id":47121,"date":"2021-08-31T18:00:04","date_gmt":"2021-08-31T22:00:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/?p=47121"},"modified":"2021-09-13T13:21:51","modified_gmt":"2021-09-13T17:21:51","slug":"repenser-la-protection-de-la-nature-dans-le-contexte-des-objectifs-du-developpement-durable-rethinking-nature-protection-in-the-context-of-the-sustainable-development-goals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/2021\/08\/31\/repenser-la-protection-de-la-nature-dans-le-contexte-des-objectifs-du-developpement-durable-rethinking-nature-protection-in-the-context-of-the-sustainable-development-goals\/","title":{"rendered":"Repenser la protection de la nature dans le contexte des Objectifs du D\u00e9veloppement Durable <br> Rethinking Nature Protection in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"#Eng\"><em>Read this in English.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Repenser la protection de la nature dans le contexte des Objectifs du D\u00e9veloppement Durable en articulant action locale et r\u00e9gionale avec les politiques nationales et internationales<\/strong><\/h3>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote>Aujourd&#8217;hui, les zones de nature ordinaire \u2014 parfois appel\u00e9es paysages productifs \u2014 sont les plus menac\u00e9es par la pollution, par des syst\u00e8mes d&#8217;exploitation non durables, mais aussi par notre n\u00e9gligence.<\/blockquote><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Un constat sans appel<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sur la base des listes rouges produites par l\u2019UICN, le Chief scientist de l\u2019IUCN, Thomas Brooks alerte sur le rythme sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent de l\u2019\u00e9rosion de la biodiversit\u00e9 auquel nous assistons. Nous savons \u00e9galement qu\u2019alors que notre subsistance d\u00e9pend pour 95% de sols cultiv\u00e9s, 52% d\u2019entre eux sont d\u00e9grad\u00e9s ou terriblement d\u00e9grad\u00e9s. C\u2019est dans ce contexte, alors que la premi\u00e8re partie du dernier rapport du GIEC vient d\u2019\u00eatre rendue publique, que va s\u2019ouvrir \u00e0 Marseille, le Congr\u00e8s mondial de la Nature. A cette occasion, lors de l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e de ses membres, l\u2019UICN se prononcera sur la possible adh\u00e9sion des collectivit\u00e9s locales \u00e0 l\u2019Union. Ce Congr\u00e8s s\u2019inscrit sur la route qui relie Edimbourg \u00e0 la 15\u00e8me Conf\u00e9rence des Parties \u00e0 la Convention sur la Diversit\u00e9 Biologique (CoP15 de la CBD) et au 7\u00e8me Sommet Mondial de la Biodiversit\u00e9 des Gouvernements Locaux et Infranationaux, \u00e0 l\u2019heure o\u00f9 les discussions sur le renouvellement, le renforcement des plans d\u2019actions des gouvernements infranationaux, des villes et des autres autorit\u00e9s locales vont bon train.<\/p>\n<p>Pour pr\u00e9parer le Congr\u00e9s de l&#8217;UICN, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnlasummit.org\/fr\/webinaires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">quatre webinaires<\/a> ont \u00e9t\u00e9 organis\u00e9s avec le soutien du projet Post 2020 Biodiversity Framework \u2013 EU support, financ\u00e9 par l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne et mis en \u0153uvre par Expertise France, et de l\u2019Office Fran\u00e7ais de la Biodiversit\u00e9 (OFB). Ils se sont tenus les 22, 23, 29 et 30 juin, chacun correspondant \u00e0 une th\u00e9matique.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Teaser - IUCN Local Action Summit\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/X0y1RAlRA78?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_47141\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-47141\" style=\"width: 604px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/2021\/08\/31\/repenser-la-protection-de-la-nature-dans-le-contexte-des-objectifs-du-developpement-durable-rethinking-nature-protection-in-the-context-of-the-sustainable-development-goals\/foret-fontainebleau-2\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47141\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-47141\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/foret-Fontainebleau-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"604\" height=\"604\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/foret-Fontainebleau-2.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/foret-Fontainebleau-2-560x560.jpg 560w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/foret-Fontainebleau-2-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-47141\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Foret Fontainebleau. Photo: Mairie de Fontainebleau<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Des territoires de nature\u00a0?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Les trois premiers webinaires traitent des diff\u00e9rents types de territoires<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> du point de vue de la nature qui les recouvre. Ils s\u2019int\u00e9ressent \u00e0 la nature en termes d\u2019actions \u00e0 conduire par les gouvernements locaux et infranationaux pour la prot\u00e9ger, la maintenir en bon \u00e9tat et la restaurer quand elle est trop d\u00e9grad\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. Les territoires de nature exceptionnelle<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Les territoires de nature exceptionnelle sont tous ceux qui font l\u2019objet d\u2019une protection. Quand les premi\u00e8res protections sont mises en place \u00e0 la fin du XIX\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, on voit d\u00e9j\u00e0 que ce qui les motive est li\u00e9 aux usages. Ainsi, la premi\u00e8re zone de nature prot\u00e9g\u00e9e au monde, est Fontainebleau en 1861, o\u00f9 est cr\u00e9\u00e9e une r\u00e9serve artistique \u2013 pour que les Peintres de Barbizon puissent continuer de capturer la beaut\u00e9 du monde et la fixer sur une toile. Vient ensuite Yellowstone en 1872, le premier parc national cr\u00e9\u00e9 pour prot\u00e9ger cette \u00e9tendue de toute exploitation et pr\u00e9dation. Depuis plus d\u2019un si\u00e8cle, ces espaces recouvrent une surface de plus en plus importante. Leur gestion nous en apprend tous les jours sur le fonctionnement du vivant. Ce sont des espaces \u00ab pilotes \u00bb, des \u00ab laboratoires \u00bb o\u00f9 l\u2019on apprend \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger la nature, \u00e0 en prendre soin, \u00e0 la restaurer aussi.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_47124\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-47124\" style=\"width: 604px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47124\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Yellowstone-844x560.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"604\" height=\"401\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Yellowstone-844x560.jpg 844w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Yellowstone-100x66.jpg 100w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Yellowstone.jpg 1430w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-47124\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cr\u00e9dit : Yellowstone par James St-John<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Des t\u00e9moignages des intervenants disponibles <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnlasummit.org\/en\/webinar\/local-action-outstanding-nature-how-conserve-biodiversity-hotspots\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ici<\/a> ressortent trois enseignements majeurs\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p>a) Prot\u00e9ger durablement les espaces naturels remarquables n\u00e9cessite de prendre en compte tous les besoins des personnes qui vivent sur ces territoires. Ainsi en est-il de la fr\u00e9quentation touristique, qui doit \u00eatre encadr\u00e9e pour maintenir un \u00e9quilibre durable entre pr\u00e9servation de la nature et emploi pour les populations locales. C\u2019est \u00e9galement vrai pour les espaces verts de la Ville du Cap qui veille \u00e0 associer les citadins d\u00e8s la conception de ses projets urbains.<\/p>\n<p>b) Pour \u00eatre efficaces, les labels de protection les plus prestigieux, d\u00e9cern\u00e9s par des organes ou institutions internationaux devraient pr\u00e9voir d\u2019associer plus \u00e9troitement et de fa\u00e7on p\u00e9renne les gouvernements infranationaux \u00e0 m\u00eame de mettre en place les modes de gestion pragmatiques permettant d\u2019encadrer la fr\u00e9quentation des sites ou leur accessibilit\u00e9 par exemple.<\/p>\n<p>c) Quand les gouvernements infranationaux sont impliqu\u00e9s dans la protection des espaces remarquables, les prot\u00e9ger cr\u00e9\u00e9e une dynamique pour l\u2019ensemble du territoire. Ainsi en est-il de la Ville de Saint Fran\u00e7ois qui, partant de la protection du site de la Pointe des Ch\u00e2teaux, a engag\u00e9 une politique de protection de la nature qui d\u00e9passe le seul p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre de ce lieu remarquable.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_47125\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-47125\" style=\"width: 604px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-47125\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/World-Nature-Park.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"604\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/World-Nature-Park.jpg 756w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/World-Nature-Park-100x56.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-47125\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cr\u00e9dit : Parc Naturel mondial, Richard Weller<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Toutefois, la rapidit\u00e9 avec laquelle le changement climatique affecte les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes plan\u00e9taires impose d\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer la reconnexion des espaces naturels prot\u00e9g\u00e9s. Richard Weller, titulaire de la Chaire Meyerson d&#8217;urbanisme \u00e0 la Weitzman School of Design de l&#8217;Universit\u00e9 de Pennsylvanie, souligne ce paradoxe\u00a0: alors que les humains ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des tr\u00e9sors d\u2019intelligence pour assurer leurs d\u00e9placements et ceux de leurs biens et marchandises, la connexion des espaces prot\u00e9g\u00e9s est inexistante, interdisant aux esp\u00e8ces tout d\u00e9placement. Tandis que nous nous sommes fix\u00e9s comme objectif de prot\u00e9ger 17% des aires terrestres avec les cibles d\u2019Aichi, Richard Weller rappelle qu\u2019il existe aujourd\u2019hui 867 zones prot\u00e9g\u00e9es dans le monde.\u00a0 Ensemble, elles repr\u00e9sentent environ 15% de la surface terrestre, soit une diff\u00e9rence de 1 ou 2% avec l\u2019objectif fix\u00e9. Toutefois, ce sont autant d\u2019archipels isol\u00e9s les uns des autres. A travers le projet de Parc Naturel mondial, le chercheur propose de cr\u00e9er une ligne du nord au sud du continent am\u00e9ricain (la \u00ab\u00a0Pataska\u00a0\u00bb, allant de la Patagonie \u00e0 l\u2019Alaska), une autre de la Libye \u00e0 l\u2019Afrique du Sud, et une troisi\u00e8me du Maroc jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019Asie centrale et l\u2019Australie. Ces trois lignes permettraient de regrouper 19 des 36 hotspots, ce qui recouvre 55 nations et 160 000 km au total. Ce nouvel ensemble constituerait un parc naturel mondial : le \u00ab\u00a0World Park Project\u00a0\u00bb. Ces lignes rouges pourraient devenir des chemins de randonn\u00e9e et former une sorte d\u2019infrastructure verte : des routes ou des chemins dans une ville pourraient mener \u00e0 des parcs, conduisant \u00e0 des zones cultiv\u00e9es puis \u00e0 des zones prot\u00e9g\u00e9es, etc.<\/p>\n<p>Dans la vision de Richard Weller, il ne s\u2019agit pas simplement de zones de promenade ou de randonn\u00e9e, mais aussi d\u2019espaces o\u00f9 l\u2019on peut travailler, amener les gens \u00e0 voir ce qu\u2019il se passe \u2013 \u00e0 l\u2019inverse des parcs naturels tels qu\u2019on les concevait autrefois, dont les visiteurs \u00e9taient exclus. Ce parc naturel mondial ne vise pas \u00e0 renforcer les zones prot\u00e9g\u00e9es actuelles mais \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger celles qui se situent dans les zones interm\u00e9diaires, sur lesquelles nous devons travailler pour pouvoir restaurer les connexions \u2013 et de le faire \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale pour lutter contre la crise climatique. Cette vision originale conduit \u00e0 repenser les deux autres types de territoire que nous avons identifi\u00e9s\u00a0: les territoires urbains et ceux de \u00ab\u00a0nature ordinaire\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Les territoires urbains<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>En effet, \u00e0 l\u2019autre bout du spectre, se trouvent des espaces qui nous ont permis de nous affranchir des al\u00e9as de la nature. Il s\u2019agit des <strong>espaces urbains<\/strong>. Depuis le d\u00e9but de ce si\u00e8cle et les premiers effets du changement climatique, la demande de nature en ville s\u2019accentue et conduit \u00e0 un vaste mouvement qui voit nos villes et nos grandes m\u00e9tropoles se verdir. Mais aussi \u2014 parce que ces zones urbaines s\u2019\u00e9tendent et accueillent une part croissante d\u2019une population mondiale qui va augmentant \u2014 ces espaces urbains viennent empi\u00e9ter sur les espaces de nature prot\u00e9g\u00e9s et leur empreinte affecte toutes les zones du globe.<\/p>\n<p>Travaillant actuellement avec un r\u00e9seau de 33 villes situ\u00e9es sur des territoires de zones \u00ab \u00e0 risque \u00bb, Richard Weller a r\u00e9alis\u00e9 une cartographie pr\u00e9cise indiquant \u00e0 quels endroits exactement la ville \u2013 ou ses infrastructures &#8211; va entrer en conflit avec la biodiversit\u00e9. Selon lui, l\u2019objectif n\u2019est pas de stopper le d\u00e9veloppement de ces villes mais plut\u00f4t de le concevoir en l\u2019orientant vers certaines zones de fa\u00e7on \u00e0 en \u00e9viter, contourner d\u2019autres pour maintenir les continuit\u00e9s \u00e9cologiques n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la pr\u00e9servation de la biodiversit\u00e9. Le chercheur nous invite \u00e0 une autre vision des villes et de la nature, o\u00f9 les unes et l\u2019autre se d\u00e9veloppent en symbiose et non en opposition : \u00ab <em>Il va falloir reprogrammer le d\u00e9veloppement urbain pour que les villes entrent en symbiose avec leur habitat et ne soient plus des parasites. Nous n\u2019avons pas d\u2019autre choix que de planifier et de concevoir un autre d\u00e9veloppement urbain et de rendre des comptes \u00e0 tous types de vie sur Terre.<\/em> \u00bb<\/p>\n<p>Des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnlasummit.org\/en\/webinar\/local-action-urban-nature-creating-resilient-and-resource-efficient-communities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">t\u00e9moignages<\/a> des intervenants, il ressort que les villes p\u00e8sent d\u2019un poids de moins en moins soutenable sur l\u2019ensemble des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la plan\u00e8te. Et les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s se creusent : l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la nature dans les villes les plus riches est in\u00e9galement r\u00e9parti. Le d\u00e9veloppement anarchique des villes dans les pays du Sud menace des zones de biodiversit\u00e9 remarquables, indispensables au bon fonctionnement de l\u2019ensemble des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes qui constituent ces espaces urbains.\u00a0 Les plus d\u00e9munis sont aussi ceux qui vivent dans les environnements les plus d\u00e9grad\u00e9s. Toutefois, depuis le d\u00e9but de ce si\u00e8cle, la prise de conscience qu\u2019un autre mod\u00e8le est possible gagne du terrain.\u00a0 Quatre points donnent des raisons d\u2019esp\u00e9rer\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">a) La mobilisation des r\u00e9seaux de collectivit\u00e9s locales, des ONG, des citoyens, des \u00e9lus et des gestionnaires pousse nombre de villes \u00e0 agir. Diagnostic partag\u00e9, planification urbaine privil\u00e9giant la cr\u00e9ation et l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux espaces verts, gestion diff\u00e9renci\u00e9e de ces espaces de nature en ville, d\u00e9sartificialisation et renaturation des sols, mise en place de dispositifs favorisant le retour des esp\u00e8ces de flore, de faune (dont les pollinisateurs) en ville se d\u00e9veloppent.<\/p>\n<p>b) Pour gagner encore en efficacit\u00e9, la collaboration entre les municipalit\u00e9s et les acteurs priv\u00e9s \u2013 ie. entreprises, commerces, ensembles d\u2019habitation, etc. \u2013 permet de gagner de nouveaux espaces verts sans \u00e9tendre encore la surface des villes notamment par la v\u00e9g\u00e9talisation des toits, des murs ou l\u2019ouverture au public d\u2019espaces verts priv\u00e9s. R\u00e9glementations encourageant les pratiques vertueuses, labels, r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiels se mettent en place et concourent \u00e0 une dynamique positive.<\/p>\n<p>c) Certaines municipalit\u00e9s travaillent d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e0 \u00e9largir leur action au-del\u00e0 de leur territoire pour aider les agriculteurs \u00e0 produire de fa\u00e7on plus soutenable, en encourageant l\u2019agriculture bio, \u00e0 pr\u00e9server la ressource en eau.<\/p>\n<p>d) Parce qu\u2019elles accueillent une part croissante de la population, que ce sont des lieux de culture, d\u2019innovation et d\u2019\u00e9changes, c\u2019est aussi dans les villes que peuvent advenir les solutions qui permettront l\u2019av\u00e8nement d\u2019une v\u00e9ritable civilisation \u00e9cologique \u00e0 travers la mise en place des solutions fond\u00e9es sur la nature.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. Les territoires de nature ordinaire<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Entre les espaces prot\u00e9g\u00e9s et les villes, il reste ce qui fait l\u2019essentiel des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de notre plan\u00e8te : qu\u2019en France nous appelons la <strong>\u00ab nature ordinaire <\/strong>\u00bb. Cette nature est dite \u00ab\u00a0ordinaire\u00a0\u00bb parce qu\u2019elle est commune \u2013 au sens o\u00f9 elle n\u2019est pas \u00ab rare \u00bb. Par ce terme on d\u00e9signe aussi bien les champs cultiv\u00e9s que les for\u00eats ou les d\u00e9serts. C\u2019est ce qui n\u2019est pas prot\u00e9g\u00e9, pas d\u00e9fini comme \u00ab exceptionnel \u00bb mais qui n\u2019est pas non plus de l\u2019urbain.\u00a0Aujourd&#8217;hui, ce sont les espaces les plus menac\u00e9s par les changements d&#8217;usage, la surexploitation, le changement climatique, la pollution, etc. et ce, \u00e9galement \u00e0 cause de notre n\u00e9gligence.La concentration de la population dans les villes nous conduit \u00e0 les d\u00e9serter, et ce faisant \u00e0 les d\u00e9laisser alors m\u00eame qu\u2019ils nous fournissent notre nourriture, l\u2019eau, l\u2019air, l\u2019essentiel de nos ressources.<\/p>\n<p>Tous les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnlasummit.org\/en\/webinar\/accion-local-para-a-naturaleza-ordinaria\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">intervenants<\/a> se sont accord\u00e9s sur l\u2019urgence \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger ces espaces qui assurent le maintien de notre vie sur terre et sont pourtant aujourd\u2019hui mis en grand danger par nos pratiques, notamment agricoles. La difficult\u00e9 \u00e0 les nommer &#8211; le concept de \u00ab\u00a0nature ordinaire\u00a0\u00bb est difficile \u00e0 traduire en anglais : le terme utilis\u00e9 \u00ab productive landscape \u00bb n\u2019en d\u00e9signe qu\u2019une partie est \u00e0 mettre en regard de notre difficult\u00e9 \u00e0 les g\u00e9rer durablement.<\/p>\n<p>a) La n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de repenser enti\u00e8rement notre agriculture ne pourra se faire qu\u2019en articulant action locale et globale. Il s\u2019agit par exemple de revoir \u00e0 la fois les pratiques agricoles et l\u2019organisation m\u00eame des march\u00e9s et nos modes de consommation pour r\u00e9duire la part de produits animaux et le gaspillage de denr\u00e9es alimentaires. Pour cela, il faut sortir de la logique des politiques \u00ab en silo \u00bb : articuler production agricole et protection de la nature. Plus globalement, repenser tous nos syst\u00e8mes d\u2019exploitation des ressources naturelles pour qu\u2019ils ne d\u00e9truisent pas irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement nos \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes, ce \u00e0 quoi nous invitent les objectifs du d\u00e9veloppement durable (ODD).<\/p>\n<p>b) Les gouvernements locaux et infranationaux sont moteurs dans la restauration des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de nature ordinaire pour le b\u00e9n\u00e9fice des populations qui y vivent et en vivent.<\/p>\n<p>c) Plus encore que pour les aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es, la mobilisation de tous les acteurs est indispensable \u00e0 la protection effective de cette nature ordinaire qui participe \u00e0 la pr\u00e9servation de la nature extraordinaire. Chacun doit s\u2019y atteler en fonction de ses comp\u00e9tences et ses moyens. Aucune entreprise ne peut consid\u00e9rer cela comme accessoire.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Syst\u00e8mes de financement et gouvernance ?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>S\u2019il est \u00e9vident que la pr\u00e9servation d\u2019un espace de nature prot\u00e9g\u00e9 ne rel\u00e8ve pas des m\u00eames r\u00e8gles, ni du m\u00eame type de financements que ceux qui utilis\u00e9s pour g\u00e9rer les espaces verts en ville, les zones agricoles, l\u2019oc\u00e9an, les d\u00e9serts ou les for\u00eats par exemple, la nature est UNE, et tous ces types de nature s\u2019entrecroisent, s\u2019entrem\u00ealent.<\/p>\n<p>Aussi, le quatri\u00e8me et dernier volet de cette s\u00e9rie a-t-il \u00e9t\u00e9 consacr\u00e9 aux questions de <strong>finance et gouvernance<\/strong>. Les gouvernements infranationaux sont aux avant-postes du combat contre le changement climatique et pour la biodiversit\u00e9 : ils sont proches d\u2019une population en demande de nature, d\u2019une population qui prend conscience que nous ne pouvons pas continuer \u00e0 sacrifier notre futur et celui de nos enfants \u00e0 un pr\u00e9sent de plus en plus incertain, d\u2019une population qui supporte de plus en plus mal d\u2019\u00eatre la victime de l\u2019exploitation intensive, des pollutions, de tout ce qui d\u00e9grade notre environnement. C\u2019est peut-\u00eatre ce qui conduit les gouvernements infranationaux \u00e0 innover, \u00e0 proposer des solutions qui sont ensuite reprises par les \u00c9tats nationaux et les institutions internationales. Ainsi, rappelons-nous qu\u2019une des toutes premi\u00e8res Obligations Vertes \u2013 les fameux Green bonds &#8211; a \u00e9t\u00e9 lanc\u00e9e &#8211; en 2001 ! &#8211; par la ville de San Francisco pour financer la mise en \u0153uvre d\u2019un vaste plan d\u2019installation d\u2019\u00e9nergie solaire \u2013 en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 la crise \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique qui touchait alors la Californie. Les obligations vertes sont aujourd\u2019hui mises en \u0153uvre par les \u00e9tats et remportent un vrai succ\u00e8s.<\/p>\n<p>Cependant, les questions de financement ne peuvent pas \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9es ind\u00e9pendamment des questions de gouvernance. Plus que jamais, les d\u00e9cisions des uns impactent le devenir des autres. Les effets du changement climatique causent plus de morts au Sud qu\u2019au Nord alors m\u00eame que le Sud n\u2019est que marginalement responsable des \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre. Que va-t-il se passer quand les glaciers de l\u2019Himalaya, troisi\u00e8me r\u00e9servoir plan\u00e9taire d\u2019eau douce qui alimentent les principaux fleuves d\u2019Asie : Indus, Gange, Brahmapoutre, M\u00e9kong, (Yangts\u00e9), Fleuve jaune \u2013 vont dispara\u00eetre ?\u00a0 La vie de pr\u00e8s d\u2019un tiers de l\u2019Humanit\u00e9 en d\u00e9pend.<\/p>\n<p>Aussi, pour le futur de l\u2019humanit\u00e9, nous ne pouvons laisser les seuls pays riches acc\u00e9der aux financements. Edgar Morin nous le rappelle : \u00ab la crise climatique, l\u2019\u00e9rosion de la biodiversit\u00e9 rappelle \u00e0 la grande famille humaine la communaut\u00e9 de destin qui est la sienne. \u00bb Les questions de gouvernance et de finance sont \u00e9troitement li\u00e9es. L\u2019acc\u00e8s aux financements pour les gouvernements infranationaux est facilit\u00e9 quand il s\u2019inscrit dans des coop\u00e9rations avec leurs Etats, les institutions ou projets r\u00e9gionaux, ou encore en lien avec le priv\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Tous les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnlasummit.org\/en\/webinar\/finance-governance-local-action-what-kind-finance-and-governance-green-and-just-recovery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">intervenants<\/a> partagent le m\u00eame constat\u00a0r\u00e9sum\u00e9 en 4 points :<\/p>\n<p>a) Nos mod\u00e8les de d\u00e9veloppement ne sont pas durables, ils \u00e9puisent nos ressources naturelles.<\/p>\n<p>b) La crise climatique met en danger nos \u00e9conomies au nord comme au sud.<\/p>\n<p>c) Changer de mod\u00e8le suppose des investissements massifs. Les plans de relance post-Covid constituent une r\u00e9elle opportunit\u00e9 pour investir dans la r\u00e9alisation d\u2018infrastructures vertes et bleues.<\/p>\n<p>d) Les villes, en particulier, doivent se saisir de cette opportunit\u00e9 pour mettre en \u0153uvre les solutions fond\u00e9es sur la nature et recr\u00e9er ainsi les emplois perdus pendant la pand\u00e9mie.<\/p>\n<p>En termes de financement, quatre leviers doivent \u00eatre actionn\u00e9s concomitamment pour relever ce fantastique d\u00e9fi :<\/p>\n<p>a) Des r\u00e9formes politiques : l\u2019organisation des march\u00e9s, les r\u00e9glementations et les crit\u00e8res d\u2019attribution des aides et subventions n\u2019encouragent pas le financement des infrastructures vertes et bleues, des syst\u00e8mes de production durables ou des solutions fond\u00e9es sur la nature.<\/p>\n<p>b) Un renforcement de la coop\u00e9ration entre gouvernements infranationaux et secteur priv\u00e9 : Les solutions fond\u00e9es sur la nature, les infrastructures vertes et bleues comme les syst\u00e8mes de production durable n\u00e9cessitent d\u2019\u00eatre con\u00e7us et mis en \u0153uvre localement. En ce sens, les gouvernements infranationaux sont bien plac\u00e9s pour proposer leur mise en \u0153uvre. Mais bien souvent, leur acc\u00e8s aux financements est limit\u00e9 par le montant de leurs demandes de cr\u00e9dits, consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme trop faible pour acc\u00e9der aux fonds d\u00e9livr\u00e9s par les bailleurs publics. Une piste consiste pour les gouvernements infranationaux \u00e0 renforcer leurs coop\u00e9rations avec le secteur priv\u00e9 pour solliciter les bailleurs publics.<\/p>\n<p>c) Un accroissement du nombre de projets r\u00e9ellement et durablement vertueux : si les projets li\u00e9s \u00e0 la production d\u2019\u00e9nergies renouvelables sont bien document\u00e9s et techniquement murs, ce n\u2019est pas encore le cas pour les solutions fond\u00e9es sur la nature, les infrastructures vertes et bleues ou les modes de production durable. Il existe un r\u00e9el besoin de connaissances sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices tir\u00e9s \u00e0 moyen et long terme de la mise en \u0153uvre de ces innovations. Les gouvernements infranationaux constituent des territoires d\u2019exp\u00e9rimentation qui pourraient gagner \u00e0 coop\u00e9rer avec les entreprises et la communaut\u00e9 scientifique.<\/p>\n<p>d) Des synergies accrues entre le niveau de gouvernance infranational et mondial pour combiner changements de modes de production et de consommation avec les n\u00e9cessaires r\u00e9formes de l\u2019organisation des march\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p>Mettre en \u0153uvre ces leviers n\u00e9cessite \u00e9galement une r\u00e9forme de gouvernance qui articule \u00e9troitement l\u2019action locale et les politiques nationales et globales, la recherche d\u2019un \u00e9quilibre entre syst\u00e8mes politiques centralis\u00e9s et d\u00e9centralis\u00e9s, \u00e0 travers le concept d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par Bob Jessop et rappel\u00e9 par Ga\u00ebl Giraud de \u00ab\u00a0<em>Colibration<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb. Ce concept d\u00e9finit l\u2019apprentissage d\u2019une \u00ab\u00a0collaboration\u00a0\u00bb qui soit en m\u00eame temps une \u00ab\u00a0calibration\u00a0\u00bb, \u00e0 savoir la recherche permanente d\u2019interactions intelligentes et adapt\u00e9es aux d\u00e9cisions, entre \u00e9chelle locale et \u00e9chelles centrales &#8211; \u00e9tatiques et internationales. Retrouver de la \u00ab\u00a0directionnalit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb en politique sans r\u00e9duire de mani\u00e8re artificielle la complexit\u00e9 des interactions entre soci\u00e9t\u00e9, \u00e9conomie et biodiversit\u00e9, tel est selon Ga\u00ebl Giraud le premier des grands d\u00e9fis de gouvernance que nous devons relever. Autre grand d\u00e9fi\u00a0concernant l\u2019administration des biens communs telle que d\u00e9finie par Elinor Ostrom \u2013 la biodiversit\u00e9, comme la sant\u00e9, en est un &#8211; la recherche de \u00ab\u00a0m\u00e9ta-r\u00e8gles\u00a0\u00bb qui s\u2019imposent en cas de d\u00e9saccord, afin d\u2019arbitrer les conflits en conservant l\u2019objectif d\u00e9fini ensemble auparavant.<\/p>\n<p><strong>R\u00e9concilier 100% de l\u2019humanit\u00e9 avec notre plan\u00e8te <\/strong><\/p>\n<div dir=\"ltr\">\n<p>Meriem Bouamrane, responsable scientifique du Programme MAB de l\u2019UNESCO, nous rappelle que la pand\u00e9mie de COVID 19 ouvre une p\u00e9riode de transformation invitant \u00e0 revoir notre relation \u00e0 la nature, aux autres, \u00e0 nos modes de vie et fa\u00e7ons de travailler. Elle offre \u00e9galement des opportunit\u00e9s de financement sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent. Toutefois, et tous les intervenants l\u2019ont soulign\u00e9, nous ne pourrons relever ces d\u00e9fis qu\u2019ensemble. Ensemble\u2026 Cela suppose de tenir compte des besoins de chacun, de casser les politiques op\u00e9rant en silo qui perdurent malgr\u00e9 la feuille de route fix\u00e9e collectivement avec les Objectifs du D\u00e9veloppement durable, de penser la pr\u00e9servation de la biodiversit\u00e9, toute la biodiversit\u00e9, en cherchant dans le m\u00eame temps \u00e0 cr\u00e9er un futur plus juste, plus solidaire.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Pour ce faire, nous ne pourrons nous passer de la force extraordinaire d\u2019action qui est celle des gouvernements locaux et infranationaux dont Christophe Nuttal, Directeur du R20, nous rappelle qu\u2019ils d\u00e9tiennent 75% des solutions en termes de lutte contre le changement climatique. La Convention pour la Diversit\u00e9 biologique a \u00e9t\u00e9 pionni\u00e8re. Comme nous l\u2019a rappel\u00e9 Oliver Hillel, elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 la premi\u00e8re \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre leur r\u00f4le aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s des Etats dans la lutte contre l\u2019\u00e9rosion de la biodiversit\u00e9 et l\u2019utilisation durable des ressources naturelles. Puisse la CoP15 de la CBD nous donner les moyens de renforcer et d\u2019institutionnaliser cette n\u00e9cessaire coop\u00e9ration.<\/p>\n<p><strong>St\u00e9phanie Lux, Elisabeth Chouraki, and Ingrid Coetzee<br \/>\n<\/strong>Paris, Paris, et Cape Town<\/p>\n<p>On <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Nature of Cities<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/?attachment_id=46711\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46711\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-46711\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/logos_post2020.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"604\" height=\"87\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/logos_post2020.jpg 733w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/logos_post2020-100x14.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/?attachment_id=46713\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46713\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-46713\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/iclei-cbc-final-high-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"117\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/iclei-cbc-final-high-1.png 3751w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/iclei-cbc-final-high-1-1200x467.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/iclei-cbc-final-high-1-1400x545.png 1400w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/iclei-cbc-final-high-1-1536x597.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/iclei-cbc-final-high-1-2048x797.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/iclei-cbc-final-high-1-100x39.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/2021\/08\/31\/repenser-la-protection-de-la-nature-dans-le-contexte-des-objectifs-du-developpement-durable-rethinking-nature-protection-in-the-context-of-the-sustainable-development-goals\/iuc-wcc-las-fr-ht-2\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47146\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-47146\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IUC-WCC-LAS-FR-Ht-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"425\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IUC-WCC-LAS-FR-Ht-1.png 900w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IUC-WCC-LAS-FR-Ht-1-100x29.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"Eng\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Rethinking Nature Protection in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by Linking Local and Regional Action with National and International Policies<\/h3>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote>Today, areas of ordinary nature \u2014 sometimes referred to as productive landscapes \u2014 are the most threatened by pollution, by unsustainable exploitation systems, and also by our negligence.<\/blockquote><\/figure>\n<p><strong>A Clear Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Based on the IUCN red list, the IUCN Chief Scientist, Thomas Brooks, warns of the\u00a0unprecedented rate of biodiversity loss we are witnessing. We also know that while 95% of our livelihoods depend on cultivated soils, 52% of them are degraded or severely degraded.<\/p>\n<p>It is within this context, while the first part of the latest IPCC report has just been made public, that the World Conservation Congress will open in Marseille. On this occasion, during the Assembly of its members, IUCN will decide on the possible membership of local authorities in the Union.<\/p>\n<p>This Congress is part of the road between Edinburgh and the 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CoP15 of the CBD) and the 7<sup>th<\/sup> Global Biodiversity Summit of Local and Subnational Governments, an official parallel event to the COP, at a time when discussions on renewing and strengthening the action plan on sub-national governments, cities, and other local authorities are well underway.<\/p>\n<p>In preparation for the IUCN Congress, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnlasummit.org\/fr\/webinaires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">four webinars<\/a> were organized with the support of the Post 2020 Biodiversity Framework &#8211; EU support project, financed by the European Union and implemented by Expertise France, and the French Office for Biodiversity (Office Fran\u00e7ais de la Biodiversit\u00e9 -OFB). They were held on June 22, 23, 29 and 30, each corresponding to a relevant theme.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Teaser - IUCN Local Action Summit\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/X0y1RAlRA78?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_47141\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-47141\" style=\"width: 604px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/2021\/08\/31\/repenser-la-protection-de-la-nature-dans-le-contexte-des-objectifs-du-developpement-durable-rethinking-nature-protection-in-the-context-of-the-sustainable-development-goals\/foret-fontainebleau-2\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47141\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-47141\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/foret-Fontainebleau-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"604\" height=\"604\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/foret-Fontainebleau-2.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/foret-Fontainebleau-2-560x560.jpg 560w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/foret-Fontainebleau-2-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-47141\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fontainebleau forest. Photo: Mairie de Fontainebleau<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Diverse Domains of Nature<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The first three webinars deal with the vast differences between lands and territories from the point of view of the natural landscapes that cover them. They focus on nature in terms of actions to be taken by local and sub-national governments to protect it, maintain it in good condition, and restore it when these lands are degraded.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. Exceptional Nature<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The lands and territories of the natural world which are exceptional or indispensable are all those which are most often needing to be subject to protection. Protective conservationist policies have a long history. The very first set of protections were put in place at the end of the 19th century and were predominantly motivated by a desire for them to be used. For example, the first protected natural area in the world was Fontainebleau in 1861, where an artistic reserve was created so that the Barbizon painters could continue to capture the beauty of the world for all to see through their paintings.<\/p>\n<p>Then came Yellowstone in 1872, the first national park ever created to protect this area from exploitation and predation. For more than a century, these protected areas have been growing in size. Our management of these areas teaches us about diverse ways of life in nature. They can act as &#8220;pilot&#8221; areas or &#8220;laboratories&#8221; where we learn to protect nature, to take care of it, and to restore it too.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_47124\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-47124\" style=\"width: 604px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47124\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Yellowstone-844x560.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"604\" height=\"401\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Yellowstone-844x560.jpg 844w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Yellowstone-100x66.jpg 100w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Yellowstone.jpg 1430w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-47124\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Yellowstone by James St-John<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>From the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnlasummit.org\/en\/webinar\/local-action-outstanding-nature-how-conserve-biodiversity-hotspots\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">testimonies<\/a> of the webinar participants, we can draw three important lessons:<\/p>\n<p>a) Sustainably protecting exceptional natural areas requires taking into account all the needs of the people who live in and around these areas. When it comes to traffic on account of tourism, for example, this must be controlled to maintain a sustainable balance between nature conservation, and employment for local populations. This is also true for the green spaces of the City of Cape Town, which is careful to involve city dwellers right from the outset of its urban projects.<\/p>\n<p>b) Prestigious protection labels, awarded by international bodies or institutions, should provide for a closer and more permanent involvement of sub-national governments, which are able to put in place pragmatic management methods to control the use of natural area sites and their accessibility, for example.<\/p>\n<p>c)When sub-national governments are involved in the protection of exceptional natural spaces, protecting them creates dynamic benefit for the entire region. This is the case for the City of Saint Fran\u00e7ois, which, starting with the protection of the Pointe des Ch\u00e2teaux site, has initiated a nature protection policy that goes beyond the perimeter of this remarkable place.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_47125\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-47125\" style=\"width: 604px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-47125\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/World-Nature-Park.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"604\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/World-Nature-Park.jpg 756w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/World-Nature-Park-100x56.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-47125\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: World Nature Park, Richard Weller<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The rapidity with which climate change is affecting planetary ecosystems makes it necessary to accelerate the reconnection of protected natural areas. Richard Weller, Meyerson Chair in Urban Planning at the Weitzman School of Design at the University of Pennsylvania, points out the paradox that while humans have been very apt at driving connections and networking human life, technology, goods, and cargo, protected areas suffer from disconnection making it impossible for species to move and migrate, in some cases. While we have set ourselves the goal of protecting 17% of terrestrial areas with the Aichi targets, Richard Weller reminds us that there are currently 867 protected areas in the world.\u00a0 Together, they represent about 15% of the Earth&#8217;s surface, which is a difference of 1 or 2% with the target.<\/p>\n<p>However, these protected lands are like archipelagos in that they are isolated from each other. With the World Natural Park project, Weller proposes we create lines of connection that could alleviate this problem. For example, a pathway running from north to south on the American continent (the &#8220;Pataska&#8221;, from Patagonia to Alaska); another running from Libya to South Africa, and a third from Morocco to Central Asia and Australia. Just these three pathways would bring together 19 of the 36 hotspots, covering 55 nations and 160,000 km in total. This new ensemble of pathways could constitute a world natural park: the &#8220;World Park Project&#8221;. These pathways could become hiking trails and form a kind of green infrastructure: roads or paths in a city could lead to parks, leading to cultivated areas and then to protected areas, etc.<\/p>\n<p>In Weller&#8217;s vision, these are not just areas for walking or hiking, but also spaces where you can work, and gather &#8211; unlike some traditionally conceived conservation and protected areas, where visitors are often excluded. This world nature park does not aim to reinforce the current protected areas but to protect those teleconnections in between, which we need to work on to ultimately protect earth\u2019s ecosystems and habitats from extinction. Moreover, to do so on a global scale to additionally fight this threat that has only increased due to the climate crisis.<\/p>\n<p>This original vision leads us to rethink the two other types of lands and territories we have identified: urban environments and those of ordinary nature.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Urban Environments<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Apart from exceptional nature, on the other side of the spectrum, the urban environment is a vastly different space. Since the beginning of this century, and with the first effects of climate change, the demand for nature in the city has increased and led to a vast movement that is working ever harder to make our cities and major metropolises greener in an effort to curb global warming and other effects of climate change. Due to the fact that urban areas are expanding and a rapidly increasing share of the world&#8217;s growing population now lives in cities &#8211; these urban spaces are encroaching on protected nature areas, and their footprint is affecting all areas of the globe.<\/p>\n<p>Currently working with a network of 33 cities located in &#8220;at risk&#8221; areas, Richard Weller has produced a precise map showing exactly where the city &#8211; or its infrastructure &#8211; will conflict with biodiversity. According to him, the objective is not to stop the development of these cities but rather to design it by orienting it towards certain zones in order to avoid or bypass others in order to maintain the ecological continuities necessary for the preservation of biodiversity. Weller invites us to imagine another vision of cities and nature, where both develop in symbiosis and not in opposition. Weller says, &#8220;We will have to reprogram urban development so that cities enter into symbiosis with their habitat and are no longer parasites. We have no choice but to plan and design a different kind of urban development and be accountable to all types of life on Earth.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>From the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnlasummit.org\/en\/webinar\/local-action-urban-nature-creating-resilient-and-resource-efficient-communities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">testimonies<\/a> of the speakers, it is clear that cities are weighing more and more unsustainably on the planet&#8217;s ecosystems as a whole. And inequalities are growing: access to nature in the richest cities is unevenly distributed. The often-informal development of cities in the countries of the South threatens remarkable areas of biodiversity, which are essential to the proper functioning of all the ecosystems that make up these urban areas. The poorest people are also those who live in the most degraded environments. However, since the beginning of this century, awareness that another model is possible has been gaining ground.<\/p>\n<p>Three points give us reason for hope:<\/p>\n<p>a) The mobilization of local government networks, NGOs, citizens, elected officials, and managers is pushing many cities to act. Shared diagnoses, urban planning that favors the creation of and access to green spaces, differentiated management of these natural spaces in the city, reconstituting soils, and setting up systems that encourage the return of species of flora and fauna (including pollinators) to the city are all developing. To gain even more efficiency, collaboration between municipalities and private actors &#8211; i.e. companies, businesses, housing estates, etc. &#8211; makes it possible to gain new green spaces without the need for big budgets.<\/p>\n<p>b) To gain further efficiency, collaboration between municipalities and private actors &#8211; i.e. companies, businesses, housing estates, etc. &#8211; makes it possible to gain new green spaces without extending the surface of the cities, in particular through the greening of roofs, walls, or the opening of private green spaces to the public. Regulations encouraging ecological practices, labels, and reference systems are being put in place and contribute to a positive dynamic.<\/p>\n<p>c) Some municipalities are already working to extend their action beyond their territory to help farmers produce in a more sustainable way, by encouraging organic farming, to preserve water resources. Because they are home to a growing share of the population and are places of culture, innovation, and exchange, it is also in cities that solutions can be found that will allow the advent of a true ecological civilization through the implementation of nature-based solutions.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. Ordinary Nature<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Between protected areas and the cities, there remains another essential part of our planet&#8217;s ecosystems: which in France we call &#8220;ordinary nature&#8221;. This nature is called &#8220;ordinary&#8221; because it is part of most people\u2019s common experience. Such nature is not rare or remarkable; people encounter it every day. This may include cultivated fields, as well as forests or deserts, depending on the landscape and lands of that region. It is what is not protected, not defined as &#8220;exceptional&#8221; but which is not urban either. Today, these are the spaces that are most threatened by changes in use, overexploitation, climate change, pollution, and also by negligence. The concentration of a growing population in cities leads us to desert them, and in so doing to neglect them, even though they provide us with our food, water, air, and most of our resources.<\/p>\n<p>All the speakers agreed on the urgency of protecting these spaces which ensure the maintenance of our life on earth and which are increasingly endangered by our practices, especially agricultural. The concept of &#8220;ordinary nature&#8221; is difficult to translate into English: the term &#8220;productive landscape&#8221; is another common usage, but only designates a part of what the term ordinary nature encompasses. Important points that resulted include:<\/p>\n<p>a) The need to completely rethink agricultural practices can only be done by articulating local and global action. For example, it is necessary to review both agricultural practices and the very organization of markets and our consumption patterns to reduce the share of animal products and food waste. To do this, we must break out of the logic of &#8220;silo&#8221; policies: articulate agricultural production and nature protection. More globally, we need to rethink all our natural resource exploitation systems so that they do not irreparably destroy our ecosystems, which is what the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) invite us to do.<\/p>\n<p>b) Local and sub-national governments are driving the restoration of ordinary ecosystems for the benefit of the people who live in and from them.<\/p>\n<p>c) Even more than just for protected areas, the mobilization of all stakeholders is essential for the effective protection of ordinary nature, which contributes to the preservation of extraordinary nature. Everyone must work on this according to their skills and means. No company can consider this as an accessory.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Financing systems and governance?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The preservation of a protected nature area does not fall under the same rules, nor the same type of financing as those used to manage green spaces in the city, in agricultural areas, or the ocean, deserts, and forests, for example. Yet, all of these ecosystems are connected and nature is ONE, so all of these types of nature intertwine, and intermingle. Therefore, the fourth and final part of this series was devoted to the issues of finance and governance. Sub-national and local governments are at the forefront of the fight against climate change and for biodiversity: they are close to a population in demand for nature, a population that is becoming aware that we cannot continue to sacrifice our future and that of our children to an increasingly uncertain present, a population that is increasingly resentful of being the victim of intensive exploitation, pollution, and everything that degrades our environment. This is perhaps what leads all levels of sub-national governments to innovate, to propose solutions that are then taken up by national states and international institutions. Thus, let us remember that one of the very first Green Bonds was launched &#8211; in 2001! &#8211; by the City of San Francisco to finance the implementation of a vast solar energy installation plan &#8211; in response to the energy crisis that was affecting California at the time. Green bonds are now being implemented by states and are proving to be a real success. However, financing issues cannot be considered in isolation from governance issues. More than ever, the decisions of some affect the future of others. The effects of climate change cause more deaths in the South than in the North, even though the South is only marginally responsible for greenhouse gas emissions.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What future do we want?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>What will happen when the Himalayan glaciers, the third largest reservoir of fresh water in the world, which feed the main rivers of Asia: Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Mekong, (Yangtze), Yellow River &#8211; disappear?\u00a0 The lives of nearly a third of humanity depend on it.<\/p>\n<p>Also, for the future of humanity, we cannot let richer countries alone have access to financing. Edgar Morin reminds us that &#8220;the climate crisis and the erosion of biodiversity remind humanity of its common destiny.\u201d The issues of governance and finance are closely linked. Access to financing for sub-national governments is facilitated when it is part of cooperation with their states, regional institutions or projects, or in connection with the private sector.<\/p>\n<p>All the speakers drew the following collective conclusions:<\/p>\n<p>a) Our development models are not sustainable, they exhaust our natural resources.<\/p>\n<p>b) The climate crisis is endangering our economies in the North and in the South.<\/p>\n<p>c) Changing our model requires massive investments. The post-Covid recovery plans are a real opportunity to invest in green and blue infrastructure.<\/p>\n<p>d) Cities, in particular, must seize this opportunity to implement nature-based solutions and thus recreate the jobs lost during the pandemic.<\/p>\n<p>In terms of financing, four levers need to be activated concomitantly to meet this fantastic challenge:<\/p>\n<p>a) Policy reforms: the organization of markets, regulations, and criteria for granting subsidies and grants do not encourage the financing of green and blue infrastructure, sustainable production systems, or nature-based solutions, are not enough alone.<\/p>\n<p>b) Strengthening cooperation between all levels of sub-national governments and the private sector: Nature-based solutions, green and blue infrastructure, and sustainable production systems need to be designed and implemented locally. In this sense, subnational governments are well-positioned to design their implementation. But often, their access to funding is limited by the size of their loan applications, which are considered too small to access funds from public donors. One approach is for sub-national governments to strengthen their cooperation with the private sector to solicit public donors.<\/p>\n<p>c) An increase in the number of truly and sustainably ecological projects: while projects related to renewable energy production are well documented and proven to be technically feasible, this is not yet the case for nature-based solutions, green and blue infrastructure, or sustainable production methods. There is a real need for knowledge on the medium and long-term benefits of implementing these innovations. Sub-national and local governments are territories of experimentation that could benefit from cooperation with businesses and the scientific community.<\/p>\n<p>d) Increased synergies between the sub-national and global levels of governance to combine changes in production and consumption patterns with the necessary reforms in market organization.<\/p>\n<p>Implementing these levers also requires a reform of governance that closely articulates local action and national and global policies, the search for a balance between centralized and decentralized political systems, through the concept developed by Bob Jessop and recalled by Ga\u00ebl Giraud of &#8220;Colibration&#8221;. This concept defines the learning of a &#8220;collaboration&#8221; that is at the same time a &#8220;calibration&#8221;, i.e. the permanent search for intelligent interactions adapted to decisions, between local and central scales &#8211; state and international. According to Ga\u00ebl Giraud, the first of the major governance challenges we must meet is to rediscover &#8220;directionality&#8221; in politics without artificially reducing the complexity of interactions between society, the economy, and biodiversity. Another major challenge concerning the administration of common goods as defined by Elinor Ostrom &#8211; biodiversity, like health, is one of them &#8211; is the search for &#8220;meta-rules&#8221; that can be imposed in the event of disagreement, in order to arbitrate conflicts while preserving the objective defined together beforehand.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Reconciling 100% of humanity with nature<\/strong><\/p>\n<div dir=\"ltr\">\n<p>Meriem Bouamrane, Chief scientist of the programme MAB UNESCO, reminds us that the COVID-19 pandemic opens a period of transformation inviting us to rethink our relationship with nature, with others, with our lifestyles, and our ways of working. It also offers unprecedented funding opportunities. However, as all the speakers emphasized, we can only meet these challenges together. Together&#8230; This implies taking into account the needs of everyone, breaking down policies operating in silos that persist despite the roadmap set-out collectively with the Sustainable Development Goals, thinking about the preservation of biodiversity, all biodiversity, while at the same time seeking to create a fairer, more united future.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>To do this, we cannot do without the extraordinary force of action of local and sub-national governments, of which Christophe Nuttal, Director of the R20, reminds us that they hold 75% of the solutions in terms of the fight against climate change. The Convention on Biological Diversity was a pioneer. As Oliver Hillel reminded us in one of the webinars, the convention was the first to recognize the role of subnational governments alongside States in the fight against biodiversity loss and the sustainable use of natural resources. May the CoP15 of the CBD give us the means to strengthen and institutionalize this necessary cooperation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>St\u00e9phanie Lux, Elisabeth Chouraki, and Ingrid Coetzee<br \/>\n<\/strong>Paris, Paris, and Cape Town<\/p>\n<p>On <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Nature of Cities<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/?attachment_id=46711\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46711\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-46711\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/logos_post2020.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"604\" height=\"87\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/logos_post2020.jpg 733w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/logos_post2020-100x14.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/?attachment_id=46713\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46713\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-46713 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/iclei-cbc-final-high-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"117\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/iclei-cbc-final-high-1.png 3751w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/iclei-cbc-final-high-1-1200x467.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/iclei-cbc-final-high-1-1400x545.png 1400w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/iclei-cbc-final-high-1-1536x597.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/iclei-cbc-final-high-1-2048x797.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/iclei-cbc-final-high-1-100x39.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/2021\/08\/31\/repenser-la-protection-de-la-nature-dans-le-contexte-des-objectifs-du-developpement-durable-rethinking-nature-protection-in-the-context-of-the-sustainable-development-goals\/iuc-wcc-las-en-ht-1\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47144\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-47144\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IUC-WCC-LAS-EN-Ht-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"151\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IUC-WCC-LAS-EN-Ht-1.png 684w, https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/IUC-WCC-LAS-EN-Ht-1-100x38.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"addon_bios\">     <div class=\"wp-biographia-container-around\">\n        <div class=\"wp-biographia-pic\"><img alt='Elisabeth Chouraki' src='https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Chouraki-125x125.webp' srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Chouraki-250x250.webp 2x\" class='avatar avatar-125 photo wp-biographia-avatar' height='125' width='125' \/><\/div>\n        <div class=\"wp-biographia-text\">\n            <h3>about the writer<br>\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/author\/elisabethchouraki\/\">Elisabeth Chouraki<\/a>\n            <\/h3>\n            <p>Elisabeth Chouraki coordinates the Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework - EU support project implemented by Expertise France and funded by the European Union.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n         <div class=\"wp-biographia-container-around\">\n        <div class=\"wp-biographia-pic\"><img alt='Ingrid Coetzee' src='https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Coetzee-125x125.png' srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Coetzee.png 2x\" class='avatar avatar-125 photo wp-biographia-avatar' height='125' width='125' \/><\/div>\n        <div class=\"wp-biographia-text\">\n            <h3>about the writer<br>\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/author\/ingridcoetzee\/\">Ingrid Coetzee<\/a>\n            <\/h3>\n            <p>Ingrid has more than 30 years\u2019 experience in sustainability and governance. Her work focuses on mainstreaming nature, its benefits, and nature-based solutions into urban planning and decision-making in cities and city regions thereby helping them become healthier, and more resilient and liveable places. <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n     <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Read this in English. Repenser la protection de la nature dans le contexte des Objectifs du D\u00e9veloppement Durable en articulant action locale et r\u00e9gionale avec les politiques nationales et internationales Un constat sans appel Sur la base des listes rouges produites par l\u2019UICN, le Chief scientist de l\u2019IUCN, Thomas Brooks alerte sur le rythme sans [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1002,"featured_media":47124,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[273,938,298,297],"tags":[43,401,104,55,25,65],"coauthors":[1334,1026,1298],"class_list":["post-47121","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-essay","category-europe","category-essay-people-and-communitites","category-essay-science-and-tools","tag-awareness","tag-biodiversity","tag-climate-change","tag-conservation","tag-europe","tag-policy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47121","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1002"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=47121"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47121\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/47124"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=47121"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=47121"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=47121"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thenatureofcities.com\/TNOC\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=47121"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}